1. CHAPTER 6 Socioemotional Development in Infancy Lecture prepared by: Dr. M. Sawhney

2. Where we are going…  Emotional and Personality Development  Emotional Development  Temperament  Personality Development  Social Orientation/Understanding and Attachment  Social Orientation  Attachment

3. Emotional & Personality Development  What are Emotions?  Positive Emotions  Negative Emotions  What influences Emotions?  Biological Foundations  Person’s Experience

4. Emotions Kinds of Emotions Primary Emotions vs Self Conscious Emotions Jealousy in infants? https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=rExDgS2l1fc

5. Emotional Expressions in Infants Fear, Disgust, Anger, Sadness, Happiness, Surprise

6. How did you do? Fear Disgust Anger Sadness Happiness Surprise

7. Emotional Expression Crying Basic cry Anger cry Panic cry http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=0Rc8PZEoqUA Smiling Reflexive smiling Social smiling

8. Fear  Develops around 6 months and peaks at about 18months  Less fearful of strangers  Familiar environment  If the baby is given time to “warm up” to the stranger  Separation Protest: Begins at 7-8 month and peaks at 15 month

9. Temperament  Temperament involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions and characteristic way of responding  has biological foundations  refers to individual differences  is modifiable by environment

10. Temperament Types  Chess & Thomas’s Temperament Type  Easy babies  Difficult babies  Slow-to-warm-up-babies  Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition  https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=CGjO1KwltOw  Rothbart & Bates Temperament Types  Extravesion/surgency  Negative affectivity  Effortful control

11. Goodness of fit (Thomas & Chess, 1977)  Match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope  Well matched pair  Less well-matched pair

12. Personality Development  Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust  Erikson’s Autonomy vs. Shame  Developing sense of self http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=M2I0kwSua44

13. Social Orientation/Understanding  Social orientation  Face-to-face play  Social referencing:  Infants’ social sophistication and insight  http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=h_UHkFUzHQA

14. Attachment  What is attachment?  Can you think of 2 people you are attached to and reflect why that relationship involves attachment?

15. Harlow’s Experiment (1959)  Aim: To find out whether feeding or contact comfort was more important to infant attachment.  Participants: Eight newborn rhesus monkey separated from their mothers immediately after birth  Result: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= _O60TYAIgC4

16. Bowlby’s Attachment Theory:  Proposed that both infants and parents are biologically predisposed to form attachments  Phases of Attachment  Phase 1: Non focused orienting & signaling  Phase 2: Focus on one or more figures  Phase3: Development of specific attachment  Phase 4: Become aware of others’ feelings

17. Quality of Attachment Strange Situation (Ainsworth, 1979) Parent & Child Alone Child plays with parent in the room Stranger enters room, starts to interact with parent & then with child Parent leaves the room, child & stranger are alone in the room Parent returns and comforts the child http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s608077Nt NI

18. Types of Attachment  Securely attached babies  Insecure avoidant babies  Insecure resistant babies  Insecure disorganized babies

19. Cultural differences in attachment  German babies show avoidant attachment  Japanese babies show resistant attachment  Secure attachment is seen in every culture

20. Social Context Influence on Infant Development  Transition to parenthood  Reciprocal socialization  Managing Infant’s Behavior  Child Care

21. Managing & Correcting Undesirable Behavior

22. Interpreting Differences in Attachment  Does early attachment predict child’s social behavior in later development.  Developmental cascade model: Involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes

23. Developmental Social Neuroscience and Attachment  Important role in maternal attachment behavior  Role of hormones and neurotransmitters

24. Name that Attachment Relationship!  A baby in this group might say “I missed you terribly, but now that you’re back, I’m okay.”  A baby in this group might say “You left me again. I always have to take care of myself.” Secure Insecure/Avoidant

25. Name that Attachment Relationship!  A baby in this group might say “Why do you do this? I get so angry when you’re like this.”  A baby in this group might say “What’s going on here? I want you to be here, but you left and now you’re back. I don’t know whether to laugh or cry.” Disorganized Resistant