Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

Emotion A psychological state with four components: A positive or negative subjective experience The activation of specific mental processes and stored information Bodily arousal Characteristic overt behavior

Question

Which of the following is not a component of emotion? A) bodily arousal B) a positive or negative subjective experience C) objective feelings. D) activation of specific mental processes E) characteristic behavior

Which of the following is not a component of emotion? A) bodily arousal B) a positive or negative subjective experience C) objective feelings. D) activation of specific mental processes E) characteristic behavior

Name the Emotion Happy Sad Fear Anger Surprise Disgust Note to instructor: This is a demo and the slide will change with each click. Anger Surprise Disgust

Basic emotions Controversial 3 types of disgust/5 types of positive

Are Emotions Universal? Does the Fore tribe in New Guinea identify Caucasian facial expressions?

Question

An innate emotion that all humans share is called a(n): A) universal experience. B) fundamental feeling. C) objective experience. D) basic emotion. E) expression

An innate emotion that all humans share is called a(n): A) universal experience. B) fundamental feeling. C) objective experience. D) basic emotion. E) expression

Separate But Equal Emotions Positive and negative emotions can coexist Approach emotions Love and happiness Withdrawal emotions Fear and disgust

Theories of Emotion: James-Lange Theory Event Physiological arousal Interpret physiological changes Emotion You feel emotions after your body reacts

Theories of Emotion: Cannon-Bard Theory Event Physiological arousal The event causes both arousal and emotion

Theories of Emotion: Cognitive Theory Event Physiological arousal Interpret based on context Emotion Your arousal and the context combine to form emotions

Theories of Emotion: Emerging Synthesis Brain and body reactions Emotion Event Memories and interpretation Different emotions rely on different combinations of body and brain reactions and interpretation

Question

Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion? A) Allport-Cattell B) Cannon-Bard C) cognitive D) Belle-Barrett E) James-Lange

Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion? A) Allport-Cattell B) Cannon-Bard C) cognitive D) Belle-Barrett E) James-Lange

Another Question

Which is the best explanation of the Cannon-Bard theory? A) Bodily arousal occurs before emotional response. B) Emotions arise from learned triggers. C) Emotion is nothing but a reflexive response based on instincts. D) Bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously. E) Emotions are changes in core affect.

Which is the best explanation of the Cannon-Bard theory? A) Bodily arousal occurs before emotional response. B) Emotions arise from learned triggers. C) Emotion is nothing but a reflexive response based on instincts. D) Bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously. E) Emotions are changes in core affect.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis We experience emotions in part as a result of the positions of our facial muscles Smiling makes you feel happier Frowning makes you feel sadder

The Schacter-Singer Experiment Participants are told they are receiving a vitamin supplement They actually receive epinephrine

The Schacter-Singer Experiment Emotional response depended on context Misattribution of arousal

Fear Four basic facts about fear Fear can be an emotional reflex Fear can be classically conditioned Fear interacts with mental processes The amygdala does not play a role in producing the emotional “feel” of fear

Question

It is possible to interpret bodily arousal incorrectly It is possible to interpret bodily arousal incorrectly. When this happens, it is called: A) misattribution of arousal. B) interpretive error. C) misapplication of arousal. D) cognitive restructuring. E) an affective disorder.

It is possible to interpret bodily arousal incorrectly It is possible to interpret bodily arousal incorrectly. When this happens, it is called: A) misattribution of arousal. B) interpretive error. C) misapplication of arousal. D) cognitive restructuring. E) an affective disorder.

Happiness Hedonic treadmill-what makes people happy? $$$? Social comparison and happiness People with more left frontal lobe activation tend to be happier Happiness promotes resilience Immune system boost

Question

Darius inherited $500,000 from his grandmother Darius inherited $500,000 from his grandmother. He bought a new house and a new car and then spent the rest on vacations and new furnishings for the house. Although he is happier, that is likely to fade in a relatively short period of time. This is called ________. A) greener grass syndrome B) the squirrel cage C) the hedonic treadmill D) mice and maze phenomenon E) financial feedback hypothesis

Darius inherited $500,000 from his grandmother Darius inherited $500,000 from his grandmother. He bought a new house and a new car and then spent the rest on vacations and new furnishings for the house. Although he is happier, that is likely to fade in a relatively short period of time. This is called ________. A) greener grass syndrome B) the squirrel cage C) the hedonic treadmill D) mice and maze phenomenon E) financial feedback hypothesis

China-social support and happiness Culture and happiness Happy people and self-comparisons Personality and happiness Assertive Extraverted 50% of happiness is hereditary

Expressing Emotion Cultural display rules Body language Japanese vs. westerners Berkeley experiment-watch video Body language Nonverbal communication Gender differences Role in conveying sexual interest Victims

Self-control Can you control your emotions? Erotic videos Those who can suppress can’t enhance and vice versa Whites viewing pictures of black and white faces Imitate other’s emotions

Question

Researchers suggest that at least ________ of the variability in happiness may be the result of heredity. A) only 25% B) at least 60% C) about 50% D) less than 10%

Researchers suggest that at least ________ of the variability in happiness may be the result of heredity. A) only 25% B) at least 60% C) less than 50% D) at least 50% E) less than 10%

Motivation The requirements and desires that lead animals (including humans) to behave in a particular way at a particular time and place

The requirements and desires that lead humans and other animals to behave in particular ways at particular times and places are called ________. A) motivations B) drives C) wishes D) instincts E) incentives

The requirements and desires that lead humans and other animals to behave in particular ways at particular times and places are called ________. A) motivations B) drives C) wishes D) instincts E) incentives

Theories of Motivation: Instincts Organisms have inherited tendencies to produce organized and unalterable responses to particular stimuli Weakness Human behaviors are more complex and flexible than instincts can explain Evolutionary psychology Hard-wired goals

Theories of Motivation: Drive In response to internal imbalances, drives push you to reduce the imbalance Homeostasis-the kid who ate salt Weakness Assumes the goal is homeostasis, but sometimes people seek increased or decreased arousal

Question

An internal imbalance that motivates humans and other animals to achieve a goal that will reduce the imbalance is called a(n): A) instinct B) drive C) motive cue D) genetic trigger E) affect

An internal imbalance that motivates humans and other animals to achieve a goal that will reduce the imbalance is called a(n): A) instinct B) drive C) motive cue D) genetic trigger E) affect

Theories of Motivation: Arousal Theory We seek intermediate levels of stimulation: when understimulated, we seek arousal; when overstimulated, we seek less stimulation Weakness Difficult to define levels of stimulation and how they vary

The Yerkes-Dodson Law Performance Level Arousal Level High Intermediate Low Arousal Level Low High Intermediate

Theories of Motivation: Incentives We are motivated toward particular goals in anticipation of a reward

HS grad - $37,000 Associate’s-$46,000 Bachelor’s- $65,000 Advanced- $88,000

Question

People tend to perform best at ________ levels of arousal. A) low B) intermediate C) high D) variable E) extreme

People tend to perform best at ________ levels of arousal. A) low B) intermediate C) high D) variable E) extreme

Theories of Motivation: Learned Helplessness Condition that occurs after an animal has an aversive experience in which nothing it does can affect what happens to it, and so it simply gives up and stops trying to change the situation or to escape

Question

Manuel had a personality conflict with his math teacher Manuel had a personality conflict with his math teacher. No matter how hard he tried to get along, the teacher seemed to single him out. Eventually Manuel just quit trying to get along. He knew it would never help and he just didn't see the point anymore. Manuel's feelings are best described as an example of ________ . A) classical conditioning B) the carrot and the stick C) aversion conditioning D) an exaggerated focus E) learned helplessness

Manuel had a personality conflict with his math teacher Manuel had a personality conflict with his math teacher. No matter how hard he tried to get along, the teacher seemed to single him out. Eventually Manuel just quit trying to get along. He knew it would never help and he just didn't see the point anymore. Manuel's feelings are best described as an example of ________ . A) classical conditioning B) the carrot and the stick C) aversion conditioning D) an exaggerated focus E) learned helplessness

Needs and Wants Need Want A condition that arises from the lack of a requirement Want A condition that arises when you have an unmet goal that will not fill a requirement

Needs and Wants Types of rewards Deprived reward Nondeprived reward

Wanting something is not the same thing as liking it.

Types of needs 1) To be competent. 2) To be autonomous. 3) To have social approval. 4) To be dominant or in control. 5) To be affiliated with others. 6) To be powerful. 7) To reach closure. 8) To understand. 9) To maintain self-esteem. 10) To find the world benevolent.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self- actualization needs Aesthetic needs Cognitive needs Esteem needs Belongingness needs Safety needs Physiological needs

Self-Actualization “We may expect that a new discontent and restlessness will soon develop, unless the individual is doing what he’s fitted for. A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace. What a person can be, he must be. This need we call self-actualization.”~Maslow

Question

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is a higher order need than cognitive needs? A) belongingness needs B) esteem needs C) aesthetic needs D) safety needs E) physiological needs

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is a higher order need than cognitive needs? A) belongingness needs B) esteem needs C) aesthetic needs D) safety needs E) physiological needs

Achievement and Culture Individualist culture Collectivist culture Achievement motivation

Sexual Behavior Reproductive sex Recreational sex Difficult to study 2% of sex acts Recreational sex 98% of sex acts Difficult to study Sampling bias Response bias

Sexual Response Cycle Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution Refractory period (men)

The Role of Chemicals Hormones Pheromones Androgens Estrogens Testosterone Estrogens Pheromones

Ovulation and eroticism About to ovulate=Increased sexual fantasies Increased pheremone production Increased sense of smell

Men’s shifting hormones Prefer “ruggedly handsome” Men’s shifting hormones Anticipation increase Married men = lower testosterone at end of day More time with wife = lower testosterone Oxytocin

Adolescents-early sex if friends do it Sexual Stimuli Visual stimuli Men more aroused than women Nature of video (audience) Less important for women Olfactory stimuli Mating preferences: evolutionary theories Parental investment Concerns about infidelity Adolescents-early sex if friends do it

Sexual Orientation Heterosexual Homosexual 4-10% Bisexual DSM Bisexual Biological differences Hypothalamus Genes Environment

What’s Normal? Cultural variations Sexual dysfunction Male erectile dysfunction Female arousal dysfunction Atypical sexual behavior: Paraphilias Pedophile Fetishes Transvestism “Homophobia”