The Cold War

Why did a “Cold War” develop?

1. Ideology

Marxism: The “Communist Manifesto” Workers (proletariat) deprived of wealth they create by the bourgeoisie (wealthy) Workers (proletariat) deprived of wealth they create by the bourgeoisie (wealthy) Government is run by bourgeoisie Government is run by bourgeoisie Religion is an opiate for the masses Religion is an opiate for the masses Therefore: Therefore: Worker should be loyal to nothing except his own class Worker should be loyal to nothing except his own class

Marxism Founder of ‘Communism’ Working class people will: Rise up in revolution Overthrow governments Implement communism Share the wealth

World Response to Communism Russian Revolution Russian Revolution GB, FR, US aid white armies GB, FR, US aid white armies Red scare in the West Red scare in the West Will Communism spread??? Will Communism spread??? Can it happen here?? Can it happen here??

2. “ I love the Russians but I think we should shake hands with them as far East as possible.”

3. USSR Takes Control of Eastern Europe USSR occupied and took complete control of all territory on its western border

Soviets Tighten Grip on Eastern Europe Satellite nations = communist governments controlled by the Soviet Union by 1948 Satellite nations = communist governments controlled by the Soviet Union by 1948 Albania Albania Bulgaria Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Hungary Hungary Romania Romania Yugoslavia (Communist but Stalin could not control Tito) Yugoslavia (Communist but Stalin could not control Tito) Poland Poland Soviets ban elections and democracy Soviets ban elections and democracy Install communist puppet dictators Install communist puppet dictators

Tehran Conference Nov-Dec 1943

Tomas Masaryk Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia Strong anti- communist Strong anti- communist 10 March 1948 found dead, in his pajamas, under an open window in the Ministry building 10 March 1948 found dead, in his pajamas, under an open window in the Ministry building Soon afterward, Communists took control of government Soon afterward, Communists took control of government

Iron Curtain Iron Curtain “A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory…From Stettin the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent…” “A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory…From Stettin the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent…” -- Churchill Iron curtain is an invisible dividing line between the east (Communist) and West (Democracies) Iron curtain is an invisible dividing line between the east (Communist) and West (Democracies)

…the Soviet view

US Fears Spread of Communism Spread of Communism Civil war in Greece Civil war in Greece Communist could win Communist could win Soviets could expand and take over Turkey Soviets could expand and take over Turkey Chinese Civil War Chinese Civil War Mao and Communists Mao and Communists

US Response to Iron Curtain and Soviet Expansion ‘Policy of the US is to support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures’ ‘Policy of the US is to support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures’ -- Truman Truman Doctrine: Prevent the spread of Communism anywhere in the world Truman Doctrine: Prevent the spread of Communism anywhere in the world Containment

Marshall Plan 16 countries receive $13 billion in aid from US 16 countries receive $13 billion in aid from US Why? Why? Rebuild war-torn Europe Rebuild war-torn Europe Aid starving people Aid starving people Contain the spread of communism Contain the spread of communism General George C. Marshall War hero Secretary of State & Defense Nobel Peace Prize Winner in 1953

Central Intelligence Agency Created in 1947 Created in 1947 Signed by Truman Signed by Truman Protect US national security Protect US national security Coordinate nation’s intelligence Coordinate nation’s intelligence

The Berlin Blockade Democracy vs Communism Democracy vs Communism Control over Berlin Control over Berlin Reconstruction of Germany Reconstruction of Germany

Berlin Blockade and Long-term Causes

Berlin Blockade and Short –term/Immediate Causes AND… 2.1 million residents of West Berlin 2.1 million residents of West Berlin Had enough food for the 1 st five weeks Had enough food for the 1 st five weeks Starvation Starvation Eating grass Eating grass Scrounging Scrounging Fuel Fuel Chopped down all trees Chopped down all trees

Berlin Blockade 1948 So why did Stalin do this? So why did Stalin do this?

Western Options For each one, consider: Advantages? Disadvantages?

Western options cont’d

Berlin Airlift Berlin Airlift 277,000 flights 327 days 2.3 million tons Food Fuel Medicine Even Christmas presents

Warsaw Pact Relations between US & Soviet Union improve until… Relations between US & Soviet Union improve until… West Germany rearms & joins NATO in 1955 West Germany rearms & joins NATO in 1955 Soviet Union created a military alliance named the Warsaw Pact in response: Soviet Union created a military alliance named the Warsaw Pact in response: Poland Hungary Bulgaria Romania Albania Czechoslovakia East Germany Soviet Union

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization Why created? Fear of Communism Why created? Fear of Communism Pledge of military support Pledge of military support Standing army of 500,000 Standing army of 500,000 Largely US Largely US Members: Members: NATO Flag US Canada Denmark West Germany Portugal The Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Turkey Italy Greece Iceland Norway France Great Britain