Growth of Imperialism

Question Drill: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all early civilizations? Written language Agricultural surplus Some economic specialization Water resources

Which of the following was NOT a result of the Black Death? Labor shortages in agriculture and industry in England Population decline in China Abundance of goods throughout Europe Rise of feudalism in western Europe

Motives for Imperialism in Africa Raw materials/ natural resources Industrial Revolution Diamonds of South Africa Rubber from rainforests in Central Africa Political rivalries To be the best and have the biggest empire Great Britain vs. Spain vs. Portugal vs. France Belief in European superiority Ethnocentrism: "The White Man's Burden" by Rudyard Kipling Readings in Book!!! Ch.32

4. Other Factors Involved Technological superiority Steam engine and railroads allowed easier travel into Africa African diversity Made it easy to encourage rivalries between different groups  tribal wars This began as Europeans began explore the Rivers of Africa

New Kingdoms Conflict for land leads to the rise of the Zulu kingdom. (South Africa) Anglo-Zulu War- 1870’s Kingdoms in western Africa wanted to purify Islam= Sokoto Caliphate (new Muslim kingdom)

Slave Trade Changes Britain went from greatest slave nation to greatest defender against slavery. (Sierra Leone-Freetown) Shift to “legitimate trade”= palm oil Purchase of slaves moved to East Africa. New Kingdoms: Zanzibar Island (new demand for slaves, ivory, and cloves) “Secondary Empires”

Other Cases Egypt: - Muhammad Ali (1805-1848) “first great ruler of Egypt” - build-up the military - revenue in cotton industry and industrialized Cairo - many public works were funded with foreign money -semi-autonomous Algeria: France after many years of struggle takes control Belgian Congo: most atrocious cases of colonial abuses for rubber

The Scramble for Africa Berlin Conference (1884) Split Africa into regions owned by European countries Africans continually fought off European imperialism South African resistance Boer Wars: Fights between Dutch settlers (Boers), British, and Zulus for diamonds and gold Both Dutch and Zulus eventually absorbed into British empire Very few nations remained independent!!

British India

East India Company Mughal had declined  Marathas taken back regional control (didn’t like Mughal’s sympathy of foreigners) East India Company sent men to protect their interests in India and set up trading posts. Took control of areas of Bengal and other territories= “Bombay Presidency” Sepoy Army (Indian soldiers) was used to protect their ports and territories.

Raj and Rebellion Raj was the British colonial government in India. Indirect through East India Company Inconsistent: social and governmental reforms and preserve traditions. Relied on Sepoys (Indian soldiers)instead of British Military Private land-ownership to create taxes Freedom of Christian missionaries New “traditions” for local princes

Brought political and economic benefits Collapse of the textile industry and oppression of the peasants led to tension. Sepoys were also discontent after a while… Conflict over cartridge coating (cow and pig fat) leads to all out Sepoy Rebellion 1857. Finally suppressed Britain instills direct rule on India as a result.

Reform from the British New centralized government and rapid economic growth Everyone declared equal under the law. Indian Civil Service  powerful bureaucracy controlled by the elite -exam “open” to everyone -exam was given in England Still kept rituals that show large display of wealth

Other reforms Invested heavily in public works (irrigation and canals) Agriculture= main focus on cotton, tea, and opium production (raw materials) Manufactured materials came from Britain!! TEXTILES! Industry= growth of railroads= movement of people= giant outbreak of cholera. Poverty still reigns supreme

Indian Nationalism Pan-Indian Nationalism (only way to get rid of British) Rammohun Roy- combined western values with Indian tradition. Supported early British reform. Leans towards western ideas. Secular in nature. Growth of Indian National Congress= more people in government…. Still filled with elites

Eastern Empire Military victories allowed for dominance in the east. Cape Colony (Africa) supply point. New laws lead to alienation and the Zulu Wars. Singapore becomes a center of trade and shipping. Imperial growth trade rather than expansion. Industrialization= domination

Australia and New Zealand Natives die due to European diseases. Australian settlers were prisoners from Britain. (penal colony) Population growth was slow. Less direct control (avoiding conflict)

Migration Movement of Chinese, Indians, and Africans to the sugar plantations Italians…. Asians…. Seasonal workers…. Indentured servitude grew. Populations remained after contract ended.

After finishing the Guided Readings on Ch.32 in Bentley