Africa, India 1750-1870 WHAP Chapt 25

imperialism Imperialism= expansion for profit Industrialization equals need for natural resources Colonial peoples used for cheap labor- build railroads, telegraph wires Export economies- cash crops sent to colonial powers (Britain, etc.) to profit them Over use declines soil productivity

Imperialism India previously produced textiles now Britain produces textiles and India only supplies cotton (British East India Company monopoly) Railways built to move product Cecil Rhodes- (founder of De Beers diamonds) wanted railway from Capetown to Cairo, British dominion over Africa, founded colony Rhodesia

Rhodes

Imperialism Labor systems- indentured servants hired to work crops (sugar, pineapple) or perform domestic duties Australia- penal colony, former convicts sent to perform free labor in exchange for freedom, disease/land taken hurts aborigines New Zealand- british colony, 75% of Maori population wiped out due to disease

Imperialism Political reasons- build strong empires (nationalism) Ideological reasons- social darwinism (herbert spencer), spread western civilization to “lesser peoples”, survival of the fittest Missionaries (David Livingstone)- attempted to end illegal slave trade, provide medicine and set up schools to increase conversions.

Livingstone

India British East India Company very powerful- Indians recruit to fight for the British army in India (Sepoy) Sepoy Mutiny (1857)- a result of belief that British rifle cartridges had been greased with cow and pig fat (cows sacred to Hindus, pigs “unclean” to muslims) British responds by imprisoning/exiling last Mughal emperor and taking more active role with British Raj (government who took orders from London)

British Raj (Maharaja carriage)

Africa Europeans send guns, alcohol and factory goods to Africa in exchange for palm oil, gold diamonds, ivory. French seize Algeria in 1830 (excuse to prevent pirate attacks) Medicine- quinine (treats malaria) allows more Europeans to thrive in Africa

Congo Belgium Leader King Leopold II (1865-1909) oversaw invasion of Congo, personally “owns” new colony “Congo Free State” Profits approximately 1 billion form rubber imports- brutal conditions, forced labor, hands cut off for those who refused to work , brutal/terror tactics used. 3-8 million perish Belgium govt. takes over colony in 1908 and conditions improve

King Leopold

Scramble for Africa Suez Canal- shorten route to Asia by creating Canal between Red Seas and Mediterranean. Completed in 1869. 1.5 million forced to work, no pay. Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882 to stabilize region and ensure trade through suez canal. Berlin Conference (1884-1885)- set rules for establishing colonies in Africa.

Suez Canal today

Scramble for Africa By 1900 only Ethiopia, Liberia (former slaves from U.S.) remain independent Ethiopia remains independent defeating Italy at war (Treaty of Addis Ababa). Colonies created with little regard for ethic differences, Portuguese Angola had 10 major ethnic groups, unrest still today even after independence.

Boer War Dutch Afrikaners (S. Africa) fight with native Zulu. British continue fight with Zulu Kingdom in the 1870’s. Zulu originally successful under King Shaka Zulu. British and Afrikaners fight over land resulting in the Boer War. (1880-1881, 1899-1902). British victorious, force others into concentration camps.

Shaka Zulu, Boers