ARTICULATIONS Joints between bones Hold bones firmly to each other Permit movement Classified by degree of movement (range of motion) and type of substance between bones

1. SYNARTHROSES Immovable Bound together by dense, fibrous connective tissue (ligaments) or bony fusions 4 types: Sutures (fibrous) Gomphoses - tooth root + alveolar processes of mandible or maxillae (fibrous) Synostosis – bony fusion – epiphyseal line, metopic sutures Synchondroses (joint between ribs and sternum; epiphyseal plate) (hyaline cartilage)

2. AMPHIARTHROSES Slight movement Cartilaginous 2 types: Symphysis (located along midline of body) (fibrocartilage) Syndesmoses (radius + ulna; tibia + fibula)

3. DIARTHROSES Freely moveable joints Most mobile and complex Synovial joints See drawing 6 kinds: Hinge, pivot, gliding, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

A. HINGE JOINTS Movement in one plane Flexion (decrease angle between 2 bones) Extension (increase angle between 2 bones) Elbow, knee, ankle, occipital condyles and atlas, interphalangeal

B. PIVOT JOINTS Rotational movement in one plane A projection of one bone articulates with a ring or notch of another bone C1 and C2, head of radius and radial notch of ulna

C. GLIDING JOINTS Side to side movements (slight movement) Flat surfaces slide over each other Carpals, tarsals, clavicles and sternum, articular facets of vertebrae

D. CONDYLOID Movement in two planes (biaxial) Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction Interphalangeal joints, carpo-metacarpal joints (wrist)

E. SADDLE Carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb One convex face, one concave face

F. BALL AND SOCKET Movement in all planes Shoulder and hip joints

MOVEMENT AT DIARTHROTIC JOINTS Depends upon shape of articulating surfaces of bones, position of ligaments, muscles and tendons

ANGULAR MOVEMENTS Flexion Extension Hyperextension Plantarflexion Dorsiflexion Abduction Adduction

CIRCULAR MOVEMENTS Rotation Circumduction Supination Pronation

SPECIAL MOVEMENTS Inversion Eversion Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression Gliding (simplest; no circular or angular)

HUMEROSCAPULAR JOINT Glenoid labrum Superior, medial and inferior glenohumeral ligaments Rotator cuff

HIP JOINT Less movement than shoulder One of strongest Ileofemoral, ischiofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments

KNEE JOINT Largest, one of most complex and most frequently injured Medial and lateral menisci (fibrocartilage pads) Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments MCL and LCL 13 bursae Patellar ligament

VERTEBRAL JOINTS Herniated discs

WHAT AM I??? Osteoarthritis Bursitis Rheumatoid arthritis Gout Osgood-Schlatter Disease Arthroscopy

Osgood schlatter

gout

At greater trochanter 3 bursae – site of many large muscle attachments

Usually at the olecranon bursa