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COMMON COURSE OBJECTIVES:

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Presentation on theme: "COMMON COURSE OBJECTIVES:"— Presentation transcript:

1 COMMON COURSE OBJECTIVES:
CHAPTER 9 “Joints” COMMON COURSE OBJECTIVES: Joints: Structural and functional classification Structure of a typical synovial joint Types of synovial joints Terms for descriptions of movements

2 JOINTS Defined: any place where two bones come together
General Function of Joints: - Hold the skeleton together - Allow for increased mobility and flexibility of skeleton

3 CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
Joints can be classified based on: -function (what kind of movement they allow) -structure (what material is found in the joint and if is there a joint cavity present). You are required to know each of these categories.

4 Functional classification
Synarthroses – joints that have NO movement. Examples: sutures of the skull, gomphoses- teeth Amphiarthroses – partially movable joints. Examples: intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis Diarthroses – freely movable joints. The most common type of functional joint in the body. Examples: knee joint, shoulder joint,finger joints,ankle and wrist joints, etc.

5 Structural Classification
Bony joints (synostoses): immovable joint formed when the gap between 2 bones ossifies. Fibrous joints (synarthroses): adjacent bones are joined by collagen fibers. 3 kinds: - sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses. Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses): two bones are joined by cartilage. 2 kinds: - synchondroses and symphyses Diarthroses: freely movable and most common joint in the body. Synovial joints are diarthrodial.

6 Fibrous joints (synarthroses)
Suture: immovable fibrous joints that fuse skull bones Syndesmoses: fibrous joint where 2 bones are joined by longer collagen fibers; more movable. Gomphoses: attachment of teeth to tooth socket by a periodontal ligament.

7 Synovial Joints (diarthroses)
this type of joint is defined by the presence of a joint cavity filled with fluid. Most joints of the body fall into this class. Examples: knee joint, elbow joint, shoulder and hip joints and the phalanges of hands and feet, etc.

8 Structures in a Synovial Joint
articular capsule – external and internal joint/synovial cavity – filled with synovial fluid articular cartilage – Hyaline cartilage synovial fluid – viscous/ clear colorless fluid ligaments – give the joint reinforcement and strength Nerves – provide feelings of pain and stretch 7. Vessels - provide nutrients to joint

9 Typical Synovial Joint

10

11 Additional joint structures
Ligaments- join bones to bones Consists of dense regular connective tissue. Tendons- join muscles to bone Bursae- fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid Occurs between bones and tendons or muscles Acts to decrease friction during movement

12 Accessory joint structures
fatty pads - cushioning menisci – tough fibrocartilage bursae -flattened fibrous sac lined by synovial membrane. tendon sheaths -fibrous tissue connecting a muscle to a bone

13 Knee joint structures Articular capsule Synovial membrane
Medial and lateral menisci Suprapatellar, infrapatellar and prepatellar bursae Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments Tibial and fibular collateral ligaments Patellar capsule Articular cartilage Tendon of quadriceps femoris

14 Knee Joint

15

16 Types of Synovial Joints
Plane (gliding) Joints Hinge Joints Pivot Joints Condyloid Joints Saddle Joints Ball and Socket Joints

17

18 Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
1. gliding – - bony surfaces of bone slide or glide over each other 2. flexion –- bending movement that decreases the angle 3. extension – movement the increases the angle, opposite of lexion 4. abduction –moving away from longitudinal axis 5. adduction –movement toward the longitudinal axis 6. circumduction –movement of the limb such that it describes a cone 7. rotation – turning the bone or limb around its long axis 8. supination –rotating the forearm laterally such that the palm faces superiorly

19 Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
9. pronation –- rotating the forearm medially such that the palm faces inferiorly 10. inversion –- sole of the foot faces or turns medially 11. eversion –- sole of the foot turn laterally 12. protraction –-juttting out of the jaw 13. retraction –- moving the jaw backward 14. elevation –- lifting the limb or body superiorly 15. depression –- moving the body part inferiorly 16. opposition –- to bring the thumb and index finger tips together

20 Body movements

21 Extension and flexion

22 Abduction and adduction

23 Elevation/Depression; Protraction/Retraction
Inversion/Eversion; Pronation/Supination

24 Circumduction


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