1. Chapter 8
The Joints
Part B

2. Movements allowed by Synovila Joints:
Three general types of movement:
1- Gliding Movements
A flat bone surface glides (slips) over another surface
Examples:
Intercarpal joints
Intertarsal joints
Between the flat articular processes of vertebrae

3. 1- Gliding Movement
Figure 8.5a

4. 2- Angular Movement Flexion: Extension: Dorsiflexion: Plantar flexion:
Bending movement, joint angle is decreased
Extension:
Reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased
Dorsiflexion:
Up movement of the foot
Plantar flexion:
Down movement of the foot

5. 2- Angular Movement (cont’d):
Abduction:
Movement away from the midline
Adduction:
Movement toward the midline
Circumduction:
A cone-shaped movement in space

6. Angular Movement
Figure 8.5b

7. Angular Movement
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Figure 8.5c, d

8. Angular Movement
Figure 8.5e, f

9. The turning of a bone around its own long axis Examples
3- Rotation
The turning of a bone around its own long axis
Examples
Between the first two vertebrae (atlas & axis)
Hip joint
Shoulder joint
Figure 8.5g

10. Rotation
Figure 8.5e, f

11. Special Movements Supination: Pronation: Inversion: Eversion:
Radius and ulna are parallel
Pronation:
Radius rotates over ulna
Inversion:
Sole of the foot turns medially
Eversion:
Sole of the foot turns faces laterally

12. Special Movements
Figure 8.6a

13. Special Movements
Figure 8.6b

14. Special Movements (cont’d)
Protraction:
Jaw (mandible) moved out
Retraction:
Jaw moved back to original position
Elevation:
Lifting a body part superiorly
Depression:
Moving elevated body part inferiorly
Opposition:
Thumb touches tips of other fingers of same hand

15. Special Movements
Figure 8.6c

16. Special Movements
Figure 8.6d

17. Special Movements
Figure 8.6e

18. Break Slide Biol2401.5039 Mon, Oct 08/’12

19. Types & Movement of Synovial Joints
Classified according to:
The shape of the articular surface
Accordingly, there are six types of synovial joints:
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball-and-socket
Figure 8.7a

20. Synovial Joints: Plane Joint
Plane joints
Articular surfaces are essentially flat
Allow only slipping or gliding movements
Motion is nonaxial
Only examples:
Intercarpal & Intertarsal
Between articular processes of vertebrae
(a) Plane
(b) Hinge
(c) Pivot
(d) Condyloid
(e) Saddle
(f) Ball-and-(g) socket
Figure 8.7a

21. Synovial Joints: Hinge Joints
Cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another
Motion is along a single plane (uniaxial)
Uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only
Examples:
Elbow joint
Interphalangeal joint

22. Hinge Joints (a) Plane (b) Hinge (c) Pivot (d) Condyloid (e) Saddle
(f) Ball-and-(g) socket
Figure 8.7b

23. Pivot Joints
Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a “sleeve,” or ring of another
The sleeve or ring is composed of:
Bone
possibly ligament
Only uniaxial rotation movement is allowed (around own long axis)
Examples:
Joint between the atlas and the axis dens (bony ring)
The proximal radioulnar joint (ligament ring)

24. Pivot Joints (a) Plane (b) Hinge (c) Pivot (d) Condyloid (e) Saddle
(f) Ball-and-(g) socket
Figure 8.7c

25. Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joints
Oval articular surface of one bone fits into an oval complementary depression in another
Both articular surfaces are oval
Biaxial condoyloid joints permit all angular motions
Examples:
Radiocarpal (wrist) joints
Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints

26. Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joints
(a) Plane
(b) Hinge
(c) Pivot
(d) Condyloid
(e) Saddle
(f) Ball-and-(g) socket
Figure 8.7d

27. Similar to, but allow greater movement than, condyloid joints
Saddle Joints
Similar to, but allow greater movement than, condyloid joints
Each articular surface has:
Both concave and convex areas
Example:
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

28. Saddle Joints (a) Plane (b) Hinge (c) Pivot (d) Condyloid (e) Saddle
(f) Ball-and-(g) socket
Figure 8.7e

29. Ball-and-Socket Joints
A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another
Multiaxial joints
Permit the most freely movement of synovial joints
Examples:
Shoulder joint
Hip joint

30. Ball-and-Socket Joints
(a) Plane
(b) Hinge
(c) Pivot
(d) Condyloid
(e) Saddle
(f) Ball-and-(g) socket
Figure 8.7f

31. Largest and most complex joint of the body
Synovial Joints: Knee
Largest and most complex joint of the body
Allows flexion, extension, and some rotation
Consists of:
Three joints in one, with
A single joint cavity
These three joints include:
Lateral tibiofemoral joint &
Medial tibiofemoral joint:
Each is between respective femoral condyle above and tibial semilunar cartilage “meniscus” below.
Femoropatellar joint (intermediate):
Between lower femur end & patella

32. Synovial Joints: Knee Ligaments & Tendons
Knee joint is only partially enclosed by a capsule
Capsule is absent anteriorly
Instead, there are three patellar ligaments (quadriceps tendon continuations):
Patellar ligament
Lateral patellar retinaculum
Medial patellar retinaculum
Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments (femoral epicondyles to tibia condyles, & fuse to menisci)
Anterior View
Figure 8.8c

33. (a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint
Tendon of
quadriceps
femoris
Femur
Suprapatellar
bursa
Articular
capsule
Patella
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
Subcutaneous
prepatellar bursa
Synovial cavity
Lateral
meniscus
Lateral meniscus
Infrapatellar
fat pad
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
Deep infrapatellar
bursa
Tibia
Patellar ligament
(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint
Figure 8.8a

34. Synovial Joints: Knee – Other Supporting Structures
Cruciate ligaments:
Cross each other in the notch between femoral condyles
Prevent anterior & posterior displacement of articular surface
Run to femur
Named after their tibial intercondylar site of attachment as:
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Main supporting tendons are those of the:
Quadriceps (anteriorly)
Semimembranosus (posteriorly)

35. Synovial Joints: Knee – Other Supporting Structures
Figure 8.8b

36. (b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing
Anterior
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
Articular
cartilage on
lateral tibial
condyle
Articular
cartilage
on medial
tibial
condyle
Lateral
meniscus
Medial
meniscus
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing
the menisci and cruciate ligaments
Figure 8.8b

37. Synovial Joints: Knee – Posterior Superficial View
Posterior reinforcement of knee joint:
Articular capsule
Oblique popliteal ligament:
Part of the semi-membranosus tendon
fuses with capsule
Arcuate popliteal ligament:
Arcs from fibula head over popliteus muscle
Figure 8.8e