1. Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints. Suture Syndesmosis Gomphosis
Joint held together with very short,
interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.
Joint held together by a ligament.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint.
Periodontal ligament holds
tooth in socket.
Suture
line
Socket of
alveolar
process
Fibula
Tibia
Root of
tooth
Dense
fibrous
connective
tissue
Ligament
Periodontal
ligament
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2. Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints.
Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Sternum
(manubrium)
Epiphyseal
plate (temporary
hyaline cartilage
joint)
Joint between first
rib and sternum
(immovable)
Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage
Body of vertebra
Fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral disc
(sandwiched between
hyaline cartilage)
Pubic symphysis
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3. Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.
Ligament
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Fibrous
layer
Synovial
membrane
(secretes
synovial
fluid)
Articular
capsule
Periosteum
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4. Rotation….Lateral or Medial Circumduction Supination….Pronation
Joint Movements
Flexion…..Extension
Abduction….Adduction
Rotation….Lateral or Medial
Circumduction
Supination….Pronation
Dorsiflexion….Plantar Flexion
Inversion….Eversion
Elevation….Depression
Opposition
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5. Figure 8.7a The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types.
Plane joint
Nonaxial movement
Metacarpals
Flat
articular
surfaces
Gliding
Carpals
Examples: Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces
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6. Uniaxial movement Hinge joint Humerus Medial/lateral axis Cylinder
Figure 8.7b The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types.
Hinge joint
Uniaxial movement
Humerus
Medial/lateral
axis
Cylinder
Trough
Ulna
Flexion and extension
Examples: Elbow joints, interphalangeal joints
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7. Uniaxial movement Pivot joint Vertical axis Sleeve (bone and ligament)
Figure 8.7c The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types.
Pivot joint
Uniaxial movement
Vertical axis
Sleeve
(bone and
ligament)
Ulna
Axle (rounded
bone)
Rotation
Radius
Examples: Proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
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8. Figure 8.7d The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types.
Condylar joint
Biaxial movement
Medial/
lateral
axis
Anterior/
posterior
axis
Phalanges
Oval
articular
surfaces
Metacarpals
Flexion and
extension
Adduction and
abduction
Examples: Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
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9. Biaxial movement Saddle joint Medial/ Anterior/ lateral posterior axis
Figure 8.7e The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types.
Saddle joint
Biaxial movement
Medial/
lateral
axis
Anterior/
posterior
axis
Metacarpal Ι
Articular
surfaces
are both
concave
and convex
Adduction and
abduction
Flexion and
extension
Trapezium
Example: Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
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10. Figure 8.7f The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types.
Ball-and-socket joint
Multiaxial movement
Cup
(socket)
Medial/lateral
axis
Anterior/posterior
axis
Vertical axis
Scapula
Spherical
head
(ball)
Humerus
Flexion and extension
Adduction and
abduction
Rotation
Examples: Shoulder joints and hip joints
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11. Figure 8.12 The hip joint. Coxal (hip) bone Acetabular labrum
Articular cartilage
Ligament of the
head of the femur
(ligamentum teres)
Acetabular labrum
Synovial
membrane
Femur
Ligament
of the head
of the femur
(ligamentum
teres)
Head
of femur
Articular
capsule (cut)
Synovial cavity
Articular capsule
Frontal section through the right hip joint
Photo of the interior of the hip joint, lateral view
Iliofemoral
ligament
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Iliofemoral
ligament
Ischium
Ischiofemoral
ligament
Pubofemoral
ligament
Greater
trochanter
Greater
trochanter
of femur
Posterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place
Anterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place
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12. Figure 8.8e–f The knee joint.
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Medial
condyle
Tibial
collateral
ligament
Medial femoral
condyle
Lateral
condyle
of femur
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
Lateral
meniscus
Medial meniscus
on medial tibial
condyle
Medial
meniscus
Tibia
Patellar
ligament
Fibula
Patella
Quadriceps
tendon
Patella
Anterior view of flexed knee, showing
the cruciate ligaments (articular
capsule removed, and quadriceps
tendon cut and reflected distally)
Photograph of an opened knee joint;
view similar to (e)
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13. Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing
Figure 8.8b The knee joint.
Anterior
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
Articular
cartilage on
lateral tibial
condyle
Articular
cartilage
on medial
tibial condyle
Lateral
meniscus
Medial
meniscus
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing
the menisci and cruciate ligaments
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14. Figure 8.4b Bursae and tendon sheaths.
Bursa rolls
and lessens
friction.
Humerus head
rolls medially as
arm abducts.
Humerus moving
Enlargement of (a), showing how
a bursa eliminates friction where
a ligament (or other structure) would
rub against a bone
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15. Figure 8.4a Bursae and tendon sheaths.
Acromion
of scapula
Subacromial
bursa
Joint cavity
containing
synovial fluid
Fibrous layer of
articular capsule
Articular
cartilage
Tendon
sheath
Synovial
membrane
Tendon of
long head
of biceps
brachii muscle
Fibrous
layer
Humerus
Frontal section through the right shoulder joint
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16. Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.
Lateral
Medial
Patella
(outline)
Hockey puck
Tibial
collateral
ligament
(torn)
Medial
meniscus
(torn)
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
(torn)
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17. Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing
Figure 8.8b The knee joint.
Anterior
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
Articular
cartilage on
lateral tibial
condyle
Articular
cartilage
on medial
tibial condyle
Lateral
meniscus
Medial
meniscus
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing
the menisci and cruciate ligaments
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21. Photo of the interior of the hip joint, lateral view
Figure 8.12b The hip joint.
Acetabular
labrum
Synovial
membrane
Ligament
of the head
of the femur
(ligamentum
teres)
Head
of femur
Articular
capsule (cut)
Photo of the interior of the hip joint, lateral view
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23. Figure 8.15 A hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.
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