1. Articulation = joint = point of contact between bones
Articulations
Articulation = joint = point of contact between bones

2. Joint Classification Synarthroses Fibrous Immovable Syndesmoses
Functional Name
Structural Name
Movement
Example
Description
Synarthroses
Fibrous
Immovable
Syndesmoses
Interosseous membrane
Sutures
skull
Gomphoses
Teeth to jaw
Amphiarthroses
Cartilaginous
(hyaline, fibrocartilage)
Slightly movable
Synchrondosis
Ribs, epiphyseal plate
Symphyses
Pubis, vertebral discs
Diarthroses
Synovial
Freely movable
Uniaxial
Hinge, pivot
Biaxial
Saddle, ellipsoidal
Multiaxial
Ball and socket, gliding

3. Synarthroses Fibrous Joints

4. Amphiarthoses Cartilaginous

5. Diarthroses Synovial Most numerous Most complex Structures
joint capsule
sleevelike encasing around bone ends to bind them together
synovial membrane
membrane lining capsule to secrete synovial fluid
bursae
cushions joints and helps tendons move
joint cavity
small space between bones
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage covering bone ends
menisci
pads of fibrocartilage between bones
Ligaments
strong, dense, white fibrous tissue that hold bones firmly together
bursae

6. Knee Joint
(Hyaline cartilage)
(fibrocartilage)

7. Ankle Joint Anterior interior tibiofibular ligament
Achilles tendon (cut)

9. Types of Joints
ellipsoidal

10. Uniaxial Joints permits movement around one axis and one plane
projection of one bone articulating with a ring/notch of another bone
examples - between vertebrate
allows only flexion and extension
examples – elbow, knee
knee joint
largest joint, most complex, most frequently injured

11. Biaxial Joints permits movement around two perpendicular axes and planes
Example
thumb
only saddle joint in the body
condyle fits into an elliptical socket
Example
between radius and carpals
ellipsoidal

12. Multiaxial Joints permits movement around three or more axes and planes
most moveable joints
ball shaped head fits into concave depression
example - shoulder, hip
humeroscapular joint
most mobile joint
sacroiliac joint
hip joint
relatively flat articulating surface that allows gliding movement
least mobile of synovial joints
example
between carpals
between tarsals
between vertebrae

13. Multiaxial
Ball and socket

14. Multiaxial
Ball and socket

15. Multiaxial
Gliding

16. Uniaxial
Hinge

17. ROM (Range of Motion) Goniometer
Used to determine extent of injury and progress of rehabilitation
measures range of motion (degree of angle)

18. Angular ROM flexion – decreases angle, movement towards body
extension – increase angle, movement away from body
hyperextension – stretching or extending beyond anatomical position
plantar flexion – increase angle between top of foot and front of leg (point down)
dorsiflexion – decrease angle between top of foot and front of leg (point up)
ABduction – move AWAY from medial plane
ADduction – move TOWARDS medial plane

19. Circular ROM rotation – pivoting a bone on its axis
circumduction – distal end of a body part moves in a circle
supination – hand palm side up
pronation – hand palm side down

20. Special Movements inversion – turn sole outward
eversion – turn sole inward
protraction – move part forward
retraction – move part backward
elevation – move part up
depression – move part down