1. Articulations
“joints”

2. Classification of Joints
Structural- named according to type of connective tissue that binds them
Functional- divided into three groups based on mobility

3. Structural Classification
Synarthroses (Fibrous joints)
Allow for limited movement or immovable
Ex- teeth in jaw, skull sutures
Amphiarthroses (Cartilaginous joints)
Bones are joined by cartilage, limited movement
Ex- ribs and sternum, symphysis pubis
Diarthroses (Synovial joints)
Most mobile and numerous
Ex- shoulder, knee

4. Structure of Synovial Joints
Joint capsule- sleevelike projection periosteum, encases both ends of the bones
Synovial membrane- slippery surface that lines inner surface of joint capsule
Menisci (articular disks)- pads of fibrocartialge that divide joint cavity in two
Ligaments- connect bone together, white fibrous tissue
Bursae- sacs like cavities filled with synovial fluid, cushions joints

5. Structure of Synovial Joint

7. Uniaxial joints Movement around one axis
Hinge Joint
Spool shaped process fits into concave socket
Ex- elbow joint
Pivot
Arch shaped process that fits around peglike process
Ex- joint between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae

8. Uniaxial joints Movement around one axis
Hinge Joint
Pivot

9. Biaxial Around two axes
Saddle
Saddle shaped bone that fits into socket
Ex- thumb, only saddle joint in body
Ellipsoidal (condyloid)
Oval condyle fits into elliptical socket
Ex- wrist

10. Biaxial Around two axes
Saddle
Ellipsoidal(condyloid)

11. Multiaxial Around three+ axes
Ball and Socket
Ball shaped process fits into concave socket
Ex- shoulder and hip joint
Gliding
Relatively flat articulating surface
Ex- vertebrae, sternoclavicular, and acromioclavicular

12. Multiaxial Around three+ axes
Ball and Socket
Gliding

13. Joint Range of Motion Joint Range of Motion
Angular Movements- These change the size of the angle between two articulating bones.
Flexion- decrease size of the angle between articulating bones.
Extension-straightening movement that return bones to anatomical position
Hyperextension- extending bones past anatomical position

15. Joint Range of Motion Joint Range of Motion Angular Movements
Abduction- movement away from medial plane
Adduction- movement toward medial plane

16. Joint Range of Motion Joint Range of Motion
Circular movements- arc like rotation
Pronation- turns palm side down
Supination- turns palm side up

17. Joint Range of Motion Joint Range of Motion Circular Movements
Rotation- pivoting a bone on its axis
Circumduction- moves distal end of bone in circle

18. Joint Range of Motion Joint Range of Motion
Gliding Movements- movement across articular surfaces with out a change in angle
Seen in between carpals, tarsals and vertebrae

19. Joint Range of Motion Joint Range of Motion
Special Movements- unique or unusual

20. Joint Range of Motion Joint Range of Motion
Special Movements- unique or unusual

21. Inflammatory disease of the connective tissue of the joints
Arthritis
Arthritis
Inflammatory disease of the connective tissue of the joints
Causes destruction of bone and cartilage, crippling and deformity of the bones
Thought to be of autoimmune nature