1. Chapter 5 The Skeletal System

2. Joints Articulations of bones Functions of joints Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified
Functionally
Structurally
Joints
Joints can be classified on the basis of the amount of movement they make possible.

3. Functional Classification of Joints
Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
1. Immovable joints
The bones of immovable joints are in close contact, separated by a thin layer of fibrous tissue or cartilage, as in a suture.
No active movements are possible at these joints.
2. Slightly movable joints
The bones of slightly movable joints are connected by disks of fibrocartilage or by ligaments, as in the vertebrae.
Such a joint allows a limited amount of movement.
3. Freely movable joints
The bones of a freely movable joint are covered with hyaline cartilage and held together by a fibrous capsule.
The joint capsule consists of an outer layer of ligaments and an inner lining of synovial membrane.
Freely movable joints include several types: ball- and-socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, and saddle.

4. Structural Classification of Joints
Fibrous joints
Generally immovable
Cartilaginous joints
Immovable or slightly moveable
Synovial joints
Freely moveable

5. Fibrous Joints Bones united by fibrous tissue Examples Sutures (D)
Syndesmoses (H)
Allows more movement than sutures
Example: distal end of tibia and fibula

6. Cartilaginous Joints Bones connected by cartilage Examples
Pubic symphysis (C)
Intervertebral joints (B)

7. Synovial Joints Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
Types of joint movements
The movements of synovial joints are produced by muscles that are fastened on either side of the joint.
The movements include flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, pronation, supination, eversion, inversion retraction, protraction, elevation, and depression.

8. Features of Synovial Joints
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones
Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
Ligaments reinforce the joint

9. The Synovial Joint

10. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape

11. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape