EQ: What are the structures and functions of biomolecules? Agenda: Biochemistry Notes LAB

Essential Elements in living organisms: Biomolecules Essential Elements in living organisms: C, H, O, N and P, S

Latin Roots: Mono- = 1 Di- = 2 Poly- = many -mer = part -saccharide = sugar -ose = sugar

Organic compounds have carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds (ex: C6H12O6) Inorganic do not (ex: NaCl, H2O) H2O: most important inorganic compound in living things! Most cellular processes take place in water solutions; universal solvent. 4

4 Organic macromolecules (or polymers): Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids Made of smaller “building blocks” called monomers 5

1. Carbohydrates: contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio Made by plants during photosynthesis Body’s primary source of energy Monomer (single unit): monosaccharide 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 6

Monosaccharides- (simple sugars) are sweet! Can exist as Isomers: same formula, different structure Ex: glucose, fructose 7

Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides joined together Ex: table sugar (sucrose = fructose+glucose) 8

Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) Not sweet, chains of monosaccharide 9

Ex: Starch (bread, cereals, pasta) Monomer: glucose Function: Plant energy storage 10

Ex: Cellulose (plant cell walls) Monomer: glucose (different bond than starch) Function: Structure and support Can’t be digested by humans(‘fiber’) 11

Ex: Chitin (fungi cell walls, exoskeletons of insects, shrimp, lobsters) Monomer: glucose Function: Structure and support Similar to cellulose but includes nitrogen 12

Ex. Glycogen Glycogen is an energy storage form of glucose found in the liver and skeletal muscle. It is broken down into glucose when needed between meals or during exercise.

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides 14

2. Proteins- aka Polypeptides Elements: CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen) Subunit: Amino Acids (20) Function: 1. Structure- build tissues (building blocks) 2. Enzymes- increase the rate of chemical reactions (speeds up) Examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails PROTEINS complex organic compounds made up of amino acids needed for the body to function properly Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions. contain C, O, H, N and usually S examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails Monomer/Polymer & Diagram: Amino acids (monomer) join together, with peptide bonds, forming a protein (polymer).

Amino Acid Examples Monomer: Amino Acids 16

Amino Acids are made up of an amino group a carboxyl group and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids C H R H N O OH C C H N O OH C OH H N O PROTEINS are made up of an amino group (boxes the amino group in a general molecular structure) a carboxyl group (boxes the carboxyl group in a general molecular structure) and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids (boxes the R group in a general molecular structure) (shows an alanine molecular structure) (shows a serine molecular structure) Alanine Serine

Uses: make up 15% of body mass 1. Storage: albumin (egg white, plasma) 2. Transport: hemoglobin 3. Regulatory: insulin 4. Movement: actin, myosin 5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails 6. Enzymes: amylase, DNA replication 19

EX. Enzymes 2. control thousands of chemical reactions 1. act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions 2. control thousands of chemical reactions 3. Substrate – chemical which enzyme works on 4. Active site – location on enzyme where substrate binds 5. various factors such as temperature, pH, and substrate concentration affect enzyme activity

Sucrase - enzyme which helps the break down of sucrose

3. Lipids (fats,oils,waxes) Made of C, H, O Subunit (Monomer) = glycerol and fatty acids Foods: butter, oils, anything fried Function: -long term energy storage -Build biological membranes (cell membranes) -Chemical Messengers

ex) triglyceride Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape glycerol and 3 fatty acids C H O C H O C H O LIPIDS made up of glycerol (boxes the glycerol portion of the molecule) and fatty acids (boxes the fatty acids portions of the molecule) Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape (highlights the “E” shape)

Ex) Steroids : Cholesterol and hormones ex)Phospholipid Ex) Steroids : Cholesterol and hormones

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated (fat): solid at room temp; single bonds w/hydrogen Unsaturated (oil): have double bond, liquid at room temp

4. Nucleic Acids Monomer: nucleotides (sugar, PO43-, N-base) Use: instructions for making proteins Ex: DNA, RNA

NITROGENOUS BASES Adenine [A] Guanine [G] Cytosine [C] Thymine [T] Function: bond nucleic acids together Cytosine [C] Thymine [T] Adenine [A] Uracil [U] Guanine [G]

Learning check: A. B. C. D. 29

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