1. Major Organic Compounds

2. Atom = Smallest unit of matter
Element = Substance made up of only one type of atom (Periodic Table)
Molecule = bonding between atoms of 1 or more elements
Compound = combination of 2 or more elements
Cell = collection of compounds forming a living unit.

3. Organic Molecules Inorganic Molecules
ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond
Inorganic Molecules
INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds
ORGANIC MOLECULES
ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4)
INORGANIC MOLECULES
INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O)

4. Organic Molecules Inorganic Molecules
CO2
water
lipid
protein
1. most important in living things
nucleic acid
2. Where most cellular processes take place
ORGANIC MOLECULES
lipid, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, protein
INORGANIC MOLECULES
CO2
water:
most important inorganic compound in living things
most cellular processes take place in water solution
excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water)
carbohydrate
3. excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water)

5. Molecules that may react with similar molecules to form a chain
Monomers vs. Polymers
Monomers:
Molecules that may react with similar molecules
to form a chain
Polymers:
A chain of many monomers that are chemically
bonded together

6. How are polymers formed?
Formation of Polymers
Animation
How are polymers formed?
Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation): Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom are removed from the monomers to form water, and the two monomers are joined together.

7. How are polymers broken down?
Breakdown of Polymers
Animation
How are polymers broken down?
Hydolysis- the reverse of dehydration synthesis (condensation)
Water added to the polymer, un-linking the chain and breaking it back down to its original monomer units.

8. Carbohydrates
are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O)
are made by plants (autotrophs)
are the body’s primary source of energy
are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides
CARBOHYDRATES
are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)
are made by plants
are the body’s primary source of energy
come in two basic forms: monomers and polymers
come in two basic forms: monosaccharides and polysaccharides

9. Glucose is a monosaccharide.
Monosaccharides are also called simple sugars are easily identified by their sweet taste.
Glucose is a monosaccharide.
Other monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar). C6
H12 O6
Note the ring shape of the molecule.
MONOSACCHARIDES
(simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.
Glucose is a monosaccharide.
C6H12O6 (draws a glucose molecule)
Other examples of monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) and galactose (milk sugar).
Note the ring shape of the molecule. H
CH2OH O OH C

10. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.
Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs. O
CH2OH H OH C
POLYSACCHARIDES
are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.
Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs.
(draws a 3-ring polysaccharide molecule)
Sucrose is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides.
Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides.

11. glucose, starch, cellulose
Carbohydrates Review
What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?
monosaccharide
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy storage
Name examples of carbohydrates.
CARBOHYDRATES REVIEW
What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?
monosaccharide (simple sugars)
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy storage (short-term), structure or support
Name examples of carbohydrates.
glucose, starch, cellulose
glucose, starch, cellulose

12. Lipids chemically diverse organic compounds contain C, H, O
glycerol
chemically diverse organic compounds
contain C, H, O
classified as saturated or unsaturated
function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage
also steroids
LIPDS
chemically diverse organic compounds
contain C, H, O
function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage
water insoluble
classified as saturated or unsaturated
examples: fats, oils, waxes
also steroids (serve as chemical messengers)
are water insoluble
examples: fats, oils, waxes

13. Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape
Lipids
Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape
made up of
glycerol
and
fatty acids C H O C H O C H O
LIPIDS
made up of
glycerol (boxes the glycerol portion of the molecule)
and fatty acids (boxes the fatty acids portions of the molecule)
Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape (highlights the “E” shape)

14. glycerol and fatty acids
Lipids Review
What are the molecules that make up lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
What are the functions of lipids?
energy storage & makes cell membrane and hormones
Name examples of lipids.
LIPIDS REVIEW
What are the molecules that make up lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
What are the functions of lipids?
energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones
Name examples of lipids.
body fat, oils, waxes
body fat, oils, waxes

15. Proteins
complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly
3D protein structure
image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program,
Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions.
contain C, O, H, N and usually S
PROTEINS
complex organic compounds made up of amino acids needed for the body to function properly
Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions.
contain C, O, H, N and usually S
examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

16. and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids
Proteins
are made up of
an amino group
a carboxyl group
and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids C H R H N O OH C C H N O OH C OH H N O
PROTEINS
are made up of
an amino group (boxes the amino group in a general molecular structure)
a carboxyl group (boxes the carboxyl group in a general molecular structure)
and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids (boxes the R group in a general molecular structure)
(shows an alanine molecular structure)
(shows a serine molecular structure)
Alanine
Serine

17. speed up chemical reactions
Protein Review
What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?
amino acids
What are the functions of protein?
speed up chemical reactions
image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program,
Name examples of proteins.
PROTEIN REVIEW
What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?
amino acids
What are the functions of protein?
structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions
Name examples of proteins.
muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

18. Nucleic Acids very large linear molecules contain C, H, N, O, P
nucleotide
Nucleic Acids
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
very large linear molecules
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
contain C, H, N, O, P
store genetic information, help to make proteins
made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base
NUCLEIC ACIDS
very large linear molecules
made up of nucleotides containing C, H, N, O, P
store genetic information, help to make proteins
examples: DNA and RNA
examples: DNA and RNA
DNA molecule

19. sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
Nucleic Acid Review
What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?
nucleotides
What are the compounds in a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
NUCLEIC ACID REVIEW
What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?
nucleotides
What are the compounds in a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
store genetic information, help to make proteins
Name examples of nucleic acid.
DNA, RNA
store genetic information, help to make proteins
Name examples of nucleic acid.
DNA, RNA