1. Organic molecules necessary for life
Biomolecules
Organic molecules necessary for life
Use this time to pass out the student handouts and explain the overall idea of the project. Make sure to point out the essential questions, objectives, and grading rubric.

2. Carbohydrates Lipids Biomolecules Proteins Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are very large molecules and are called macromolecules (“giant molecules”) because they are so much larger than other organic molecules. Because each characteristic of life could not occur without all 4 of these compounds, the molecules are sometimes referred to as biomolecules. (adapted from Gateways to Biology: Our Living Planet Region 4 SEC)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

3. contain a carbon-hydrogen bond do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond
Organic Molecules
contain a carbon-hydrogen bond
Inorganic Molecules
do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond
ORGANIC MOLECULES
ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4)
INORGANIC MOLECULES
INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O)

4. most important inorganic compound in living things
Organic Molecules
Inorganic Molecules
CO2
water
lipid
protein
most important inorganic compound in living things
nucleic acid
ORGANIC MOLECULES
lipid, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, protein
INORGANIC MOLECULES
CO2
water:
most important inorganic compound in living things
most cellular processes take place in water solution
excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water)
carbohydrate

5. Building Biomolecules
Monomer
A single building block
Polymer
Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization (pah-lih-mur-ih-ZAY-shun), in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers. The monomers in a polymer may be identical, like the links on a metal watch band; or the monomers may be different, like the beads in a multicolored necklace. (Prentice Hall Biology Miller & Livine)
Chemical energy can be found in the bonds between monomers. The larger the molecule, the larger the number of bonds.
A long chain of monomers joined
together

6. Is the chain a monomer or a polymer? Is this a monomer or a polymer?
Question
Is the chain a monomer or a polymer?
Is this a monomer or a polymer?

7.
Using What You Know
Watch the Gatorade Inside Edge Commercial with Kevin Durant. The company claims you need different products for different phases of physical activity.
What is this advertisement saying?
Why does it matter what you eat?

12. Carbohydrates
Major Organic Compounds

13. Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
are made by producers
are the body’s primary source of energy
are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides
CARBOHYDRATES
are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)
are made by plants
are the body’s primary source of energy
come in two basic forms: monomers and polymers
come in two basic forms: monosaccharide and polysaccharide

14. Glucose is a monosaccharide.
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.
Glucose is a monosaccharide.
Other monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar). C6
H12 O6
Note the ring shape of the molecule.
MONOSACCHARIDES
(simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.
Glucose is a monosaccharide.
C6H12O6 (draws a glucose molecule)
Other examples of monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) and galactose (milk sugar).
Note the ring shape of the molecule. H
CH2OH O OH C

15. Biomolecules Practice
Which of these structures is a monosaccharide?
a. b.
c. d.

16. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.
Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs. O
CH2OH H OH C
POLYSACCHARIDES
are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.
Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs.
(draws a 3-ring polysaccharide molecule)
Sucrose is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides.
Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides.

17. Biomolecules Practice
Which of these structures is a disaccharide?
a. b.
c. d.

18. Biomolecules Practice
Carbohydrates include all of the following types EXCEPT –
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
polypeptides

19. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates have 3 monomers:
-Glucose -Fructose -Galactose
“ose” indicates sugar
What would this tell you about the taste of monosaccharides?

20. 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide.
Building
Carbohydrates
2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O

21. 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide.
Building
Carbohydrates
2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O

22. 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide.
Building
Carbohydrates
2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O H C O

23. 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide.
Building
Carbohydrates
2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. H C O C H O

24. 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide.
Building
Carbohydrates
2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O

25. 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide.
Building
Carbohydrates
2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O

26. 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide.
Building
Carbohydrates
2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O

27. 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide.
Building
Carbohydrates
2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O H O

28. 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide.
Building
Carbohydrates
2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O H O

29. Building Carbohydrates
Bonding two monomers together and losing water is called dehydration synthesis.
2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O H O
Would this compound taste sweet as well?
H2O

30. Building Carbohydrates
What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? C H O C H O H O

31. Building Carbohydrates
What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? C H O C H O H O

32. Building Carbohydrates
What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? C H O C H O H O

33. Building Carbohydrates
What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? C H O C H O H O

34. Building Carbohydrates
What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? C H O C H O H O

35. Building Carbohydrates
What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? C H O C H O H

36. Building Carbohydrates
What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it?
Hydrolysis C H O C H O

37. Building Carbohydrates
The process of breaking compounds into smaller molecules by adding water back is called hydrolysis.
What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? C H O C H O

38. Question O
CH2OH H OH C
To make this polymer, would you have to do dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis?
Is this polymer a monosaccharide, a
disaccharide, or a polysaccharide?

39. Question O
CH2OH H OH C
To break down this polymer, would you have to do dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis?
2. How many water molecules would you need?

40. Many monosaccharides bonded together form polysaccharides.
Building
Carbohydrates
Many monosaccharides bonded together form polysaccharides.
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
How many water molecules would be removed by making the polysaccharide?
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides are known as starches.
Will the taste of starches be the same as sugars?

41. Functions of Carbohydrates
To provide a quick energy source Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
Energy
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
Provide structure and support.
Ex: Cellulose (plants), chitin (insects)
Energy storage.
Ex: starch (plants), glycogen (muscles and liver)

42. Biomolecules Practice
Each of the following is a function of carbohydrates EXCEPT –
short-term energy storage
b. structural component of cell walls
provides fiber in our diet
d. speeds up chemical reactions

43. Carbohydrates Review What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?
monosaccharide (simple sugars)
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy storage (short-term), structure or support
Name examples of carbohydrates.
CARBOHYDRATES REVIEW
What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?
monosaccharide (simple sugars)
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy storage (short-term), structure or support
Name examples of carbohydrates.
glucose, starch, cellulose
glucose, starch, cellulose

44. Lipids
Major Organic Compounds

45. Lipids organic compounds contain C, H, O, P
glycerol
organic compounds
contain C, H, O, P
classified as saturated or unsaturated
function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage
also steroids
LIPDS
chemically diverse organic compounds
contain C, H, O
function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage
water insoluble
classified as saturated or unsaturated
examples: fats, oils, waxes
also steroids (serve as chemical messengers)
water insoluble
examples: fats, oils, waxes

46. Biomolecules Practice
Carbohydrates and lipids are similar in that -
both are composed of monosaccharides
both are important for storing energy
both dissolve readily in water
Both are important as hormones and steroids

47. Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape
Lipids
Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape
made up of
glycerol
and
fatty acids C H O C H O C H O
LIPIDS
made up of
glycerol (boxes the glycerol portion of the molecule)
and fatty acids (boxes the fatty acids portions of the molecule)
Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape (highlights the “E” shape)

48. Biomolecules Practice
The polymer incorrectly paired with its monomer(s) is -
carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides
proteins are composed of amino acids
lipids are composed of polysaccharides
nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides

49. Lipids Elements: C, H, O Monomer: Technically, none Structure:
Fatty Acid Tails C H O C O H
Glycerol C O H H O C

50. Making a Lipids
The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

51. Making a Lipids
The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

52. Making a Lipids
The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

53. Making a Lipids
The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

54. Making a Lipids
The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

55. Making a Lipids
The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

56. Making a Lipids
The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

57. Making a Lipids
The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

58. Making a Lipids
The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. H O C H O C O H H O H O

59. Making a Lipids
The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. H O C H O C O H H O H O

60. Making a Lipids
The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. H O C H O C O H H O H O

61. Making a Lipids
The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. H O C H O C O H H O H O

62. Making a Lipids
The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. H O C H O C O H
Lipid H O H O

63. Biomolecules Practice
This structure in the diagram is classified as a -
nucleic acid
carbohydrate
protein
lipid

64. Biomolecules Practice
How many water molecules will be required for the complete hydrolysis of this lipid?
none 1 2
d. 3

65. Lipids
The different types of lipids are determined by the shape of the chain. C O H
Saturated Fatty Acid: straight molecule. Bad for health. C O H
Unsaturated Fatty Acid: contains one kink in the chain. O C H
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: many kinks in the chain.

66. Function of Lipids Energy storage. Ex: triglycerides, oils
Structure: make up cell membranes. Ex: phospholipids, sterols
Water barrier. Ex: Oil and wax
Energy
Hormones. Ex: chemical messengers

67. Biomolecules Practice
Which of these structures provides long-term energy storage?
a. b.
c. d.

68. Lipids Review What are the molecules that make up lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
What are the functions of lipids?
energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones
Name examples of lipids.
LIPIDS REVIEW
What are the molecules that make up lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
What are the functions of lipids?
energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones
Name examples of lipids.
body fat, oils, waxes
body fat, oils, waxes

69. EXIT SLIP
What are the four kinds of biomolecules?
2. Compare the shape of a monosaccharide to
the shape of a lipid.
3. Compare the functions of carbohydrates to
the functions of lipids.

70. Proteins
Major Organic Compounds

71. Proteins
complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly
3D protein structure
image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program,
Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions.
contain C, O, H, N and usually S
PROTEINS
complex organic compounds made up of amino acids needed for the body to function properly
Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions.
contain C, O, H, N and usually S
examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

72. and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids
Proteins
are made up of
an amino group
a carboxyl group
and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids C H R H N O OH C C H N O OH C OH H N O
PROTEINS
are made up of
an amino group (boxes the amino group in a general molecular structure)
a carboxyl group (boxes the carboxyl group in a general molecular structure)
and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids (boxes the R group in a general molecular structure)
(shows an alanine molecular structure)
(shows a serine molecular structure)
Alanine
Serine

73. Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N, S Monomer: Amino Acids (20) Structure:
“R” is the functional group that varies

74. Building Proteins
Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C

75. Building Proteins
Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C

76. Building Proteins
Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C

77. Building Proteins
Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C

78. Building Proteins
Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C

79. Building Proteins
Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C

80. Building Proteins
Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C H O

81. Building Proteins
Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C H O

82. Building Proteins
Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C H O

83. Building Proteins
Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C H O

84. Building Proteins
Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C
Peptide Bond H O

85. Building Proteins
Amino acids will continue to be added until the protein is complete.
The newly formed protein is called a polypeptide.
Proteins are different combinations of the 20 amino acids.
Polypeptide
Amino Acid
Peptide Bond

86. Functions of Proteins
Proteins are a major structural component for living organisms (ex. muscle)
Proteins function as enzymes to carry out chemical reactions in the body.

87. Functions of Proteins Some hormones are protein. (peptide hormones)
Proteins also function to transport or carry substances in and out of cells.
Cell membrane channel protein

88. Protein Review What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? amino acids
What are the functions of protein?
structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions
Name examples of proteins.
PROTEIN REVIEW
What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?
amino acids
What are the functions of protein?
structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions
Name examples of proteins.
muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

89. Nucleic Acids
Major Organic Compounds

90. Nucleic Acids very large linear molecules contain C, H, N, O, P
nucleotide
Nucleic Acids
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
very large linear molecules
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
contain C, H, N, O, P
store genetic information, help to make proteins
made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base
NUCLEIC ACIDS
very large linear molecules
made up of nucleotides containing C, H, N, O, P
store genetic information, help to make proteins
examples: DNA and RNA
examples: DNA and RNA
DNA molecule

91. Nucleic Acids Nucleotide 3. 1. Phosphate Group
5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose)
Nitrogen Base 2. H H2 H3 O C N P 1. 2. 3.

92. Nucleic Acids
There are 4 different nitrogen bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine 1. 2. 3.
Nucleotides, when joined together by dehydration synthesis, make either DNA or RNA

93. Nucleic Acids-DNA P S N

94. Nucleic Acids-DNA P S N

95. Functions of Nucleic Acids
Store genetic code (ATCG) - DNA
Remember, all living organisms share a universal genetic code!
Help make proteins (RNA)

96. Nucleic Acid Review What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?
nucleotides
What are the compounds in a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
NUCLEIC ACID REVIEW
What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?
nucleotides
What are the compounds in a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
store genetic information, help to make proteins
Name examples of nucleic acid.
DNA, RNA
store genetic information, help to make proteins
Name examples of nucleic acid.
DNA, RNA