Chemistry of Living Things

Organic Molecules that contain Carbon and Hydrogen Examples: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and DNA Inorganic Any molecules that do not contain BOTH carbon and hydrogen Examples: Mineral, Vitamins, and Water

Organic compounds are too large to enter cells. Therefore they must be (digested) broken down Organic compounds are too large to enter cells. Therefore they must be (digested) broken down 4 Types 4 Types Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Proteins

Poly Poly- many Mer Mer- part A polymer is a big molecule that has many repeating parts! A polymer is a big molecule that has many repeating parts! Monomer= the individual repeating units of the polymer. Monomer= the individual repeating units of the polymer.

 Monomers- 1 single unit  Polymers- several of the same units How many monomers are here? ______________

 Composed of the following compounds: C : H : O Example C 6 H 12 O 6 (Glucose) Example C 6 H 12 O 6 (Glucose) 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen to Carbon 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen to Carbon  Main source of energy  Sugars ends in OSE  The breakdown of glucose (sugar) supplies immediate energy for all cell activities  Two types of Starch  Glycogen- animal starch ◦ Cellulose- plant starch

 3 or more sugars Polysaccharide ◦ Example Starch molecule  2 Sugars =Disaccharide ◦ Example Sucrose Table sugar  1 Sugar= Monosaccharide ◦ Example Glucose ◦ All have the formula C 6 H 12 O 6

 Composed of C, H, O  One lipid consist of  3 Fatty Acids  1 Glycerol  Used to store energy  Protection  Insulation  Example of common lipids: ◦ Fats ◦ Oils ◦ Waxes ◦ Steroids

 Fats ◦ Found in animals  Oils and Waxes ◦ Oils are liquids ◦ Waxes are solids ◦ Found in plants  Lipids ◦ Along with proteins are the key component of cell membranes  Steroids ◦ Special lipids used to build many reproductive hormones and cholesterol

 Fats are classified into two groups: Saturated Fats (mainly from an animal source) Unsaturated Fats (mainly from a vegetable source)

Saturated Fats come mainly from animal sources meat, eggs, milk and dairy produce e.g. cream and butter. No double bonds Cannot be broken down further than a single bond increase in cholesterol and clogged arties

come mainly from ◦ plant and fish sources ◦ peas, beans and lentils, whole cereals, nuts, cooking oil, margarine and oily fish. ◦ Have double and triple bonds, cannot be broken down

Composed of the following elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphate CHONP

Phosphate 5-carbon sugar Nitrogen Bases for (DNA) Adenine ---- Thymine Cytosine ---- Guanine

Deoxyribonucleic acid Double helix Found in chromosomes in the nucleus Contains Deoxyribose sugar Contains genetic information transmitted from one generation to the next Gives instructions to make proteins Nitrogen Bases Adenine ---- Thymine Cytosine ---- Guanine

Ribonucleic acid Single strand Ribose sugar Contains uracil found in ribosomes and the nucleolus Directs protein synthesis Nitrogen Bases for (RNA) Adenine ---- Uracil Cytosine ---- Guanine

Made up of the following elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Part of cell membrane Broken down into amino acids

Building blocks of protein 20 different amino acids If you take 2 amino acids and put them together by taking the water out = dipeptide Connected by peptide bond

Enzyme catalysis: Enzyme help reactions occur more easily Example amylase converts starch to simple sugar Defense: antibodies-globular proteins that recognize foreign microbes Transport: hemoglobin (red blood cell protein) Growth and Repair Energy Buffer- helps keep body pH constant

Structure/Support: collagen, which forms the,matrix of skin, ligaments, tendons and bones Motion: actin, muscle protein responsible for muscle contraction Regulation: hormones which serve as intercellular messengers. Ex. Insulin (blood sugar regulation

 Polypeptides –3 or more amino acids  Dipeptides- 2 amino acids  1 protein – 1 amino acid

 The digestion system break proteins into amino acids, which are absorbed into the body through the bloodstream  Body will take amino acids and build muscle

Carbohydrate 1 Sugar = Glucose (monosaccharide) 2 sugars = disaccharide 3 or more sugars = polysaccharide Lipids 3 Fatty Acids and 1 Glycerol Proteins Amino Acid (1 Protein 2 proteins = dipeptide 3 or more proteins = polypeptide DNA 1 phosphate, 1 Nitogen Base and 1 Sugar

C HECK YOUR LAB : G LUCOSE

M ALTOSE C 12 H 22 O 10

Combining two molecules to make a more complex larger molecule This is done by removing a water molecule to allow them to stay together example - making maltose from two glucose molecules

c 6 H 12 O 6 + c 6 H 12 O 6 c 12 H 22 O 12+ H 2 o monosaccharide + monosaccharide Disaccharide + water polysaccharides are formed by repeated dehydration syntheses water Remove Water

B UILDING F ATS

Breaking apart a complex molecule into two simple compounds The molecule can only be broken into two when adding water(H20) water

 Hydrolysis ◦ The addition of water to a compound to split it into two smaller subunits c 12 H 22 O 12 + H 2 o c 6 H 12 O 6 + c 6 H 12 O 6 Disaccharide + water monosaccharide + monosaccharide

H2O