1. Lecture #7 Macromolecules

2. Compounds can be organic or inorganic
Organic - compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms
Inorganic - compounds that DO NOT contain both carbon and hydrogen
Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

3. Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell.
Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
Usually with C, H, O or N.
Example: CH4(methane)

4. MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE
Found in all living things
Building blocks of all cells
Made up of the atoms: Carbon, Oxygen, hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
There are 4
Carbohydrates  C, H, & O
Lipids  C, H, & O
Proteins  C, H, O, N, & S
Nucleic Acids  C, H, O, N, & P

5. Macromolecules SIZE: MONOMERS Individual subunits (mono-one) OR
POLYMERS
Chains of monomers (poly –many)

6. Translates to (carbon plus water)
Carbohydrates
Molecules that are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in the 1:2:1 ratio
Translates to (carbon plus water)

7. Carbohydrates Monomer: basic units – sugar/monosaccharide
Polymer: disaccharide, polysaccharide
Atoms: C, H, & O
Provide energy and structural support
Fiber is a carbohydrate that prevents constipation
Foods: breads, cereals, vegetables, fruits, & seeds
Extra glucose is converted into glycogen in the liver
Glucose

8. Carbohydrates - Structure

9. Lipids/Fats
A diverse group of molecules that contain regions composed almost entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon.
Fall into 3 major groups:
Oils, fats, and waxes
Phospholipids
Steroids

10. Lipids/Fats Basic units - fatty acids Polymer: Atoms: C, H, & O
Functions: provides energy & structure, cushions the body, and prevents heat loss, key component of cell membranes
Found in butter, margarine, candy
made of fatty acid molecules that consist two distinct regions:
a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain
a hydrophilic head

11. Lipids/Fats - Structure

12. A molecule with a three part structure
Nucleic Acids
A molecule with a three part structure

13. Nucleic Acids Atoms: C, H, O, N, P
Basic units: nucleotides composed of 
Sugar
Phosphate group
Base: cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, uracil
There are two types:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Function: DNA directs & controls all activities of all cells in an organism – RNA helps

14. DNA –DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
DNA is the hereditary material passed on from parents to offspring
Structure: double-stranded
Phosphate group
Sugar  deoxyribose
Bases 
Cytosine – Guanine
Adenine – Thymine

15. Nitrogenous Bases

16. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Amino acids (monomer) (20 different kinds of amino acids) bonded together by peptide bonds/ polypeptides (polymers).
Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage: albumin (egg white)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Regulatory: hormones
4. Movement: muscles
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
6. Enzymes: cellular reactions

17. Proteins Atoms: C, H, O, N, P, S
Monomer: basic units- amino acids (20)
Polymer: Polypeptide
Provide energy & structure, repairs body tissues
Some are called hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, etc.
Foods high in protein: meat, eggs, poultry, milk & milk products, nuts, dried beans, peas, & lentils

18. Protein Structures

19. Protein Structures

20. Protein Structures (Cont’d)

21. Macromolecules parts of the cell Membrane