1. Macromolecules

2. Background Info Organic Compound - compounds that contain CARBON.
Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

3. Background Info Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell.
Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
Usually with C, H, O or N.
Example: CH4(methane)

4. Macromolecules Large organic molecules.
Also called POLYMERS.
Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.
Macromolecules include:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

5. Carbohydrates

6. Carbohydrates Small to large sugar molecules
Monomer = monosaccharide – 1 sugar unit
exp = glucose
disaccharide = 2 sugar units
Maltose = glucose + glucose
polysaccharide = many sugar units
starch = bread, potatoes

7. glucose
Monosaccharide
glucose
Disaccharide
glucose
Polysaccharide

8. Carbohydrates Functions: Energy Storage Structure Atoms: C : H : O
1 : 2 : 1

9. Lipids

10. Lipids General term for compounds that are not soluble in water.
Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.
Remember: “stores the most energy”
Examples: 1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones
6. Triglycerides

11. Lipids Functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage
2. Chemical messengers (hormones)
3. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)
4. Repels water
Atoms:
C, H, O, P

12. Proteins

13. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Made up of Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).
Atoms: C, H, O, N, P, S
Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage: albumin (egg white)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Communication: hormones
4. Movement: muscles
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
6. Catalyze Chemical Reactions: enzymes

14. Nucleic Acids

15. Nucleic acids Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
-structure = double helix )
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
-structure = single strand)
Monomer = nucleotides

16. Nucleic acids Nucleotide parts include: adenine (A)
phosphate group
5 Carbon sugar (Deoxyrobose = DNA
Ribose = RNA)
nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)
thymine (T) DNA only
uracil (U) RNA only
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)

17. Nucleotide

18. Nucleic acids Functions: Store and Transmit Genetic Information
Energy Transfer
Atoms:
C, H, O, N, P

19. Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed?

20. Answer: Dehydration Synthesis
Also called “condensation reaction”
Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HO H
H2O HO H

21. Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested?

22. Answer: Hydrolysis
Separates monomers by “adding water” HO H
H2O HO H