Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 7e George S. Morrison © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations for Teaching and Learning Chapter 3 History and Theories

Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 7e George S. Morrison © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3-2 Focus Questions Why is it important to know the history of early childhood education? Why is it important to know theories of learning? What are the basic beliefs of famous individuals who have influenced early childhood education? What are basic concepts essential to good educational practice? How have instructional practices to accommodate disabilities changed over time? T 3.2

Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 7e George S. Morrison © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3-3 Importance of History and Theories History of Early Childhood Education Know the roots of your profession Rebirth of great ideas Build the dream— again Implement current practice Learning Theories Understand learning Understand child development Communication Evaluate learning Provide guidance T 3.3

Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 7e George S. Morrison © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3-4 Historical Figures and Their Influence on Early Childhood Education Martin Luther John Amos Comenius John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau Johann Pestalozzi Robert Owen Friedrich Froebel Maria Montessori John Dewey Jean Piaget Lev Vygotsky Abraham Maslow Erik Erikson Urie Bronfenbrenner Howard Gardner T 3.4

Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 7e George S. Morrison © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3-5 Constructivism A cognitive theory of development and learning based on the ideas of John Dewey, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Organization (how do children organize) Repetition Social interactions Problem solving Play T 3.5

Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 7e George S. Morrison © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3-6 Piaget ’ s Theory of Cognitive Development Adaptation integrated process of assimilation and accommodation that explains how learning is acquired learning is an adaptation to our environment Scheme units of knowledge that children develop through the adaptation process T 3.6

Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 7e George S. Morrison © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3-7 Assimilation: taking in sensory data through experiences and incorporating into existing schemes (knowledge) Accommodation: changing existing schemes to fit new sensory data or information a process of changing ways of thinking, behaving, and believing to come into accord with reality. Equilibrium: the balance between assimilation and accommodation as a child takes in new information that does not fit into existing schemes, the child struggles to make sense of the information and accommodates in order to regain equilibrium children reject data they can neither assimilate nor accommodate Piaget ’ s Theory of Cognitive Development T 3.7

Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 7e George S. Morrison © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3-8 Piaget ’ s Theory of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years) Preoperational (2-7 years) Concrete operations (7-12 years) Formal operations (12-15 years) T 3.8

Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 7e George S. Morrison © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3-9 Vygotsky ’ s Sociocultural Theory Zone of proximal development (ZPD) The range of tasks that children cannot do independently but can do when helped by a more competent person. Intersubjectivity The idea that people come to a task, problem, or conversation with their own subjective ways of making sense of it. They may arrive at some mutually agreed- upon, or intersubjective, understanding. Scaffolding Assistance that enables children to complete tasks they cannot complete independently. T 3.9

Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 7e George S. Morrison © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Erikson ’ s First Four Stages of Psychosocial Development Stage I:Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 18 months) Stage II:Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months to 3 years) Stage III:Initiative vs. Guilt (3 years to 5 years) Stage IV:Industry vs. Inferiority (the elementary school years) T 3.10

Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 7e George S. Morrison © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Abraham Maslow and Self-Actualization Theory Life Essentials Safety and Security Belonging and Love Achievement and Prestige Aesthetic Needs T 3.11

Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 7e George S. Morrison © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bronfenbrenner ’ s Ecological Theory Microsystem Includes the environments of parents, family, peers, child care, school, neighborhoods, religious groups, etc. Mesosystem Includes linkages or interactions between microsystems. For example, a family ’ s support or lack of attention to literacy will influence the child ’ s school performance. Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem T 3.12

Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 7e George S. Morrison © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Multiple Intelligences Theory Howard Gardner Linguistic intelligence Logical-mathematical intelligence Spatial intelligence Musical intelligence Bodily/Kinesthetic intelligence Interpersonal Intelligence Intrapersonal Intelligence Naturalistic Intelligence Existentialist intelligence T 3.13

Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 7e George S. Morrison © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Basic Beliefs Essential for High Quality Early Childhood Programs Basic Beliefs About Teaching Children Basic Beliefs About Teachers And Teaching Basic Beliefs About Collaborating With Parents And Families Disabilities Then and Now History and disabilities Accommodate differences in your classroom T 3.14