1. CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORISTS Mrs. Beryl Thornton Colleton County High School 2012 Physical Emotional Social Intellectual

2. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Series of Stages Emotional Experiences of Childhood affect Adult Life http://allpsych.com/psychology101/ego.html

3. Maria Montessori (1870-1952) Learn by using their senses Learn best when pursuing their interests Give children objects to Manipulate to exercise senses. http://www.michaelolaf.net/1CW312MI.html http://www.michaelolaf.net/1CW312MI.html http://www.bgmontessori.com/montessori/101

4. Arnold Gesell (1880-1961) Developed a Typical Order of Mastery Typical Rate of Development http://www.education.com/reference/article/arnold-gesell-child-learning- development-theory/ http://www.education.com/reference/article/arnold-gesell-child-learning- development-theory/

5. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) First Scientific Study of Children Four Stages of Thinking that Shape how they see and learn about the world. – Sensorimotor (0-2 years) – Preoperational (2-7 years) – Concrete Operations (7-11) – Formal Operations (11-adult) Provide activities and materials suitable to each stage. http://psychohawks.wordpress.com/2010/09/05/theories-of- cognitive-development-jean-piaget/ http://psychohawks.wordpress.com/2010/09/05/theories-of- cognitive-development-jean-piaget/

6. Lev Vygotsky (1898-1934) Biological & Cultural experiences influence ability to think & learn. Social contact is essential for intellectual development. Provide many opportunities for social interaction to develop intellectually. http://www.learning-theories.com/vygotskys-social-learning-theory.html http://www.learning-theories.com/vygotskys-social-learning-theory.html

7. Erik Erikson (1902-1994) Each Stage includes a Unique Psychological Crisis which affects future development. Needs should be met with positive care at each stage. Example: Separation http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial. htm http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial. htm

8. B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Child’s actions bring positive effects--action will be repeated. Negative results occur, child will eventually stop the action. Rewards and punishments can influence a child’s behavior. http://www.kidsdevelopment.co.uk/bfskinnersbehaviouraltheory.html

9. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Pyramid of needs: Self Actualization Self Esteem Belonging Love Safety Physical Needs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs

10. Albert Bandura (1925- Learn by Modeling Behavior also affects environment Children need good examples of behavior. http://www.learning-theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html

11. Robert Coles (1929- Moral Development is learned. Adult Moral Behavior Examples are important. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/gergen/february97/coles_2-21.html

12. Howard Gardner (1943- ) Multiple Intelligences Theory of Learning Linguistic Logical-mathematical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Musical Interpersonal Intrapersonal http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/gardner.shtml

13. WORKS CITED Brisbane, Holly. “Understanding Childhood.” The Developing Child. Glencoe, New York: 2004. “Sigmund Freud,” All about Psychology. http://allpsych.com/psychology101/ego.html September 23, 2012.http://allpsych.com/psychology101/ego.html “Arnold Gesell” Education. www.education.com/reference/article/arnold-gesell-child-learning-development- theory. September 23, 2012.www.education.com/reference/article/arnold-gesell-child-learning-development- theory “Abraham Maslow.” Wikipedia in England. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs. Sept. 23, 2012.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs “Howard Gardner.” Indiana University. http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/gardner.shtml,Sept. 23, 2012.Indiana University. http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/gardner.shtml “Albert Bandura.” Learning Theories. http://www.learning-theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html Learning Theories. http://www.learning-theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html “Maria Montessori.” Michael OLAF http://www.michaelolaf.net/1CW312MI.html Sept. 23, 2012.http://www.michaelolaf.net/1CW312MI.html “Montessori 101.” Montessori Children’s House. www.montessori.com/montessori/101 September 29,2012.www.montessori.com/montessori/101 “Robert Coles.” Public Broadcasting Station. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/gergen/february97/coles_2- 21.html Sept. 23, 2012.http://www.pbs.org/newshour/gergen/february97/coles_2- 21.html “Jean Piaget.” Psychology Hawks. http://psychohawks.wordpress.com/2010/09/05/theorieof-cognitive-Psychology Hawks. http://psychohawks.wordpress.com/2010/09/05/theorieof-cognitive- development-jean-piaget/development-jean-piaget/ September 23, 2012.