Foreign Policy and National Defense Chapter 17

Foreign Affairs and National Security Domestic Affairs Events that happen at home Foreign Affairs U.S. relationship with other nations Isolationism Not become involved in the affairs of the rest of the world

How the U.S. is Tied to Rest of World Not much choice to stay out of world affairs We have many ties for diplomatic and economic reasons Buy and sell in foreign markets Terrorism and chemical warfare

Foreign Policy Definition: all the stands and actions a nation takes in its relationships with other countries (diplomatic, economic, military, etc.) Examples: 1)2) 3) 4) 5)6) U.S. has always insisted on freedom of the seas

Commander-In-Chief and Chief Diplomat President Bears the responsibility of foreign affairs but uses many advisers and agencies

State Department Headed by Sec. of State –John Kerry 1 st Dept. to be created Ranks 1 st among members of the Presidents Cabinet President looks to cabinet for advice on both forming and conducting foreign policy

Ambassadors Official Representative of the U.S. appointed by the President to represent the U.S. in matters of Diplomacy Embassies in over 160 nations 120 consular offices abroad People that have been appointed usually as a reward for support to President Also name diplomats to the UN and NATO

Passport Certificate issued to citizens who travel or live abroad Entitles them to privileges according to international custom and treaties Visa Permit to enter another state and must be obtained from the country a person wishes to enter

Diplomatic Immunity Ambassadors are not subject to the laws of the state in which they are accredited Cannot be arrested, sued, or taxed Embassies cannot be searched w/o their consent Official communications, papers, and other property are protected

Assumes the diplomat will not abuse their privileged status If host gov’t finds a diplomat’s conduct unacceptable, that official may be expelled Mistreatment of diplomats is a major breach of international law Ex. 1979

Defense Department Created to unify the nations armed forces 1.4 million+ men and women in uniform Authors of the Constitution believed defense to be very important Each state has own militia – national guard

Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter Two roles: 1.Head of the Defense Dept 2.President’s chief aide and advisor in making and carrying out our defense policy Works at Pentagon Budget: ¼ of all federal spending; approx $400 billion

Joints Chiefs of State 5 members 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Chief advisors to Sec of Defense, Pres and National Security Highest ranking uniformed officers in the armed forces

5 Branches of Military

Army Largest and oldest of armed services Ground base force responsible for military actions on land including reserve units Army national guard and army reserves Approx 580,000 men and women are active duty Army’s combat units include

Navy Major responsibility is sea warfare and defense Chief of naval operations – head Approx 390,000 men and women Marine Corps Secretary of the navy - head Considered in the Naval Dept Combat-ready land force 2 major combat missions: 1)2) 22) Approx 180,000 men and women

Air Force Nation’s first line of defense – youngest military service Chief of staff of the air force - commander Primary responsibility is military air and aerospace operations Major duty is to defend the U.S. Attack enemy air and ground and sea forces, strike military targets Approx 350,000 men and women

Coast Guard Part of Dept of Homeland Security Can be transferred to Navy at anytime Roles: Maritime homeland security Maritime law enforcement Search and rescue Marine environmental protection Maintenance of river, intracoastal and offshore aids to navigation

Other Foreign and Defense Agencies The Office of the Director of National Intelligence Headed by Director of Nat. Intelligence James R. Clapper Appointed by Pres. and Senate Chief advisor to President on national security Supervises operations of 16 separate agencies Some agencies its controls – FBI, DEA, CIA Section 2

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Conducts worldwide intelligence operations – (cloak and dagger) Secret activities – Espionage – spying Terrorism – use of violence to intimidate a gov’t or a society – political or ideological reasons

Office of Homeland Security Headed by Jeh Johnson Created after the 9-11 attacks on the world trade center Coordinate and direct the anti-terrorist activities of all of the federal, state, and local agencies that operate in the field of domestic security Major operating responsibilities: 1.Border and transportation security 2.Infrastructure protection 3.Emergency preparedness and response 4.Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense 5.Information analysis

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Independent agency that handles the nation’s space program Operates out of space centers, laboratories, and other installations Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral and Johnson Space Center Most work seems routine – but tragedy Challenger (1986) and Columbia (2003) Permanent occupied space station ranks first on NASA’s to-do list

Selective Service System Through most American history volunteers have filled the army – draft - was major source of military manpower Opposition to Vietnam war led to its suspension Places military obligation on males from ages Operated through local selective service boards All men have to register at age 18 Congress would have to pass law to restart draft

Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances Foreign Aid: economic and military aid to other countries Started in 1940s – WWII Important part of the Continment Policy – must be used to buy American goods and services Section 4

Alliances have been put together with different countries around the world North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 19 members U.S., Canada, and most of Western Europe formed to protect against Soviet aggression following WWII Other alliances: Rio Pact, Anzus Pact, Japansese Pact, Philippines Pact

United Nations Formed at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in San Francisco in 1945 First meeting of General Assembly was in London 1946 Purpose: maintenance of international peace and security develop friendly relations between countries promotion of justice and cooperation in solving problems

Headquarters: New York City Secretary General: Ban Ki-moon (South Korea) UN drafted a Charter: it is a treaty among all of the UN’s member-states and serves as the body’s constitution Charter of UN is built around 6 “principal organs” The general assembly, the security council, the economic and social council, the trusteeship council, the international court of justice and the secretariat

General Assembly Meets once a year – special sessions can be called 192 members each with one vote Decisions are made by majority vote May take up and debate any matter within the scope of the charter and it may make whatever recommendations it chooses No legally binding decisions

Security Council 5 Permanent members with veto power U.S., Russia, Great Britain, France, China 10 rotating members – 2 year term Each have 1 vote – 9 votes to pass a measure Council bears major responsibility for maintaining international peace

Other Important UN Bodies Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Made up of 54 members elected by General Assembly having 3 year terms Coordinates the work of 14 independent international bodies Work with world organizations