THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Chapter 21

A NEW KIND OF REVOLUTION Chapter 21.1

A Revolution in Great Britain Technological changes began in the 1700’s Humans and animals have been the main source of labor for centuries The shift from human labor to technology, specifically the use of power driven machinery, is the Industrial Revolution

A Revolution in Great Britain Factors for Success  Several economic and political events occurred in GB to allow for the IR  Exploration and colonialism- raw material and new markets  Sea Power- largest most powerful navy fleet  Political stability- home front had peace  Government support- Parliament passed laws that favored business  Growth of private investment- research and development

A Revolution in Great Britain Agricultural Factors  New agricultural experiments began on the farms  Jethro Tull- invented a seed drill machine  Farmers improved livestock breeding  More varieties of food crop were developed  As a result there was more food and more food equals more people  Enclosure movement- Wealth men began to buy up small farms and combine them into one large farm  This allowed for more food productions  Many small farmers lost their land  These jobless farmers moved to the cities to look for work They would form the work force for the IR

A Revolution in Great Britain Britain’s Big Advantage  GB had the three main factors of production: land, labor, and capital  Land- natural resources  Coal to burn as fuel  Iron to make steel  Water to make waterwheels and generate power, as well as, transportation  Labor- work force  the greater food supply provided a larger work force  Enclosure movement forced families to look for new work  Capital- funds for investment in business  People had money to spend  Human capital- ppl with abilities and skills

A Revolution in Textiles The IR began with the British cloth making or textile industry A New Way of Making Cloth  Wool and cotton supply increased  Enclosure movement converted so many farmers into grazing pastures for sheep  Cotton came from GB colonies (NA and India)  In the Americas the demand for cotton increased slavery  Making textiles and the new invention  Eli Whitney’s cotton gin made cotton easier to covert. It removed the seeds from the cotton  The cotton fibers were then spun into a thread- James Hargreaves created the spinning jenny which spun several threads at once  Richard Arkwright- invented the spinning frame which spun stronger thicker thread  The thread needed to be woven into fabric. John Kay invented the flying shuttle which was a quicker method of weaving. Many people lost their jobs because of this invention and John Kay had to flee to France and died in poverty

A Revolution in Textiles Cloth Making Factories  Traditionally weaving happened in the homes  The new flying shuttles were too big for the homes and new buildings had to be constructed to house them, these new building became known as factories  Factories were powered by water  By 1770 England produced about 50,000 bolts of cloth by 1800 they produced 400,000

Steam Powers the Revolution When water is heated and changes into steam, it expands. GB inventors learned how to harness the force of steam to drive machines that transformed the world.

Steam Powers the Revolution Development of the Steam Engine  James Watt improved the steam engine. By the 1800’s about 500 Watt’s steam engines were working in the GB mines and factories  Steam engine grew when used for textile factories  The use of steam engines to power factories meant that factories didn’t need to rely on water but could be built were fuel was available and were people already lived  1802 Richard Trevithick used steam to power a locomotive  Trains were essential to the IR  Steam provided power for ships as well

Steam Powers the Revolution Coal for British Steam Engines  Steam engines required coal for fuel to heat water  Coaling mining industry grew with the textile industry  By 1800 GB produced 80% of Europe’s Coal  Many factories were built near coal mines and transported quiet towns to large cities  Mining was an extremely difficult and possibly fatal job  Many children worked and died in the mines

Industrialization Spread Industry and the West  Individual freedoms and economic activity is one of the reason the IR spread in the west  Economic competition was key to the spread of IR  Wealth and frame awarded those that can up with the most efficient inventions Industry come to America  GB did not want to compete with other countries so they outlawed the export of certain inventions and machines and even forbade skilled craftsmen from leaving the country  Samuel Slater a highly skilled mill worker disguised himself and came to America  He had detailed knowledge of the machinery created by water frame inventor Arkwright for combing spinning cotton in a single efficient processes  He did not have a model to build his version in the US so he had to construct it from memory  In 1793 he built the Slater Mill in RI, USA and began the American Industrial Revolution and is known as the father of the American Industrial Revolution

Industrialization Spread Industry Spreads to Europe  1807 William Cockerill brought the IR to Belgium  Political unrest with the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars stopped industry in France.  France became part of industry in 1848  Germany had no central government which meant no one to help industry to develop. The slowly became part of the industry in 1850 Industry in Asia  Industrialization didn’t take hold in Japan until 1868 under the Meiji government  China, India, and Russia did not become industrialized until the 1900’s