 Organic molecules: made primarily of carbon atoms  Inorganic molecules: not made of carbon (few exceptions)

 Carbon is a very useful element because: 1. It can form up to 4 bonds 2. Can bond to itself 3. Allows carbon to form many shapes

 Functional groups: groups of atoms that influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose  Page 52

 Many carbon molecules are built from smaller, simpler molecules called Monomers  Polymer: molecules consisting of repeating, linked monomers  Macromolecules: large polymers

 Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic acids

 Condensation reactions: reactions that link monomers together to make polymers  Why condensation? What is condensation?  Water produced during condensation reactions

 Reactions that break polymers down to monomers  Water is used  Hydro- water  Lysis- break down

 Life processes require constant supplies of energy  Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): main energy containg molecule for living things  Energy comes from bonds between phosphate groups

 Carbohydrates: organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Sugars  Why are sugars useful?  Main energy molecule for living things  Monomer: Monosaccharide  Glucose  Fructose  Galactose Isomers: same formulas, but different orientations

 Disaccharides: ?  Polysaccharides: ?  Glycogen (animal sugar storage)  Starch (plants)  cellulose

 Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen  Monomer: amino acid  Write examples of amino acids (See p 56-57)  Dipeptide: ?  Polypeptide:?  Shape influenced by temp and solvents  Enzymes: proteins that act as biological catalysts (?)

 Reactions depend on physical fit b/w enzyme and its specific substrate  Substrate: reactant being catalyzed  Active site: fold on enzyme that fits together with substrate

 Large, nonpolar molecules  Do not dissolve in water  Phospholipids, steroids, waxes, pigments  Long hydrocarbon chains  Lipids worksheet

 Store and transfer important information  Two types  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)  Ribonucleic acid (RNA)  Monomer: nucleotide  3 parts  Phosphate group  5-carbon sugar  Nitrogenous base  Draw a nucleotide