RISE OF EUROPEAN NATION-STATES THE GROWTH OF MONARCHIES

WARM-UP #20 1.Define the following terms: a.Vassal: b.Fief: c.Serf: d.Knight: 2.Describe how feudalism works: 3.Why did peasants have to farm the land? 4.Code that knights were expected to uphold:

England Invaded by Angles and Saxons in the 5 th century – The seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms remained independent and separate for several centuries – Then Danes, Vikings from Denmark, invaded England and conquered several of these kingdoms

William the Conqueror and the Norman Invasion – In 1066 the English king dies without an heir and two men claim the throne Harold – an Anglo-Saxon nobleman William – Duke of Normandy and distant relative to the king The English nobility name Harold as their new king William feels cheated and decides to take the throne by force

– Oct. 14 th, 1066 – William of Normandy lands with his army on the shores of England Harold, who had just defeated an army of a Viking leader who also wanted to be king of England, marches south to fight William William defeats King Harold at the Battle of Hastings and becomes the new king – He is now known as William the Conqueror – One of the first things William does as king was to claim all the land in England as his He divided the land into fiefs and gave it to his Norman knights as a reward These new nobles owed William their loyalty

King John and the Magna Carta – Youngest son of Henry and Eleanor – Many nobles started to fear that the kings would abuse their powers and take away nobles’ rights – King John was fighting a war, in which he lost almost all of England’s French holdings, and needed money He placed a new tax on the nobility The nobles refused to pay and instead rebelled against their king King John is defeated on the battlefield – He is forced to sign the Magna Carta – “Great Charter” Gives rights to the nobles that the king can’t take away and places limits on the king’s power King can no longer arrest and punish people without following legal procedures Set forth ideas about limiting gov’t and executive power

Edward I – Edward I was the first to clarify the role of Parliament it included nobles, clergy members, and representatives from every county and town Had the power to create new taxes and advise the king on lawmaking – The Parliament had two houses House of Lords House of Commons – Edward saw Parliament as a tool for strengthening the monarchy rather than limiting it

France Philip IV the Fair – Began the first French parliament, the Estates- General – Meeting of the three estates (classes) First Estate = clergy Second Estate = nobles Third Estate = commoners

Holy Roman Empire Otto I – best known Saxon king – Was crowned Emperor of the Romans for protecting the pope – The territories united under Otto became known as the Holy Roman Empire Called holy because it had the pope’s support Called Roman because Charlemagne had held the title Emperor of the Roman People when he ruled that area

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Spain Spain had been conquered by Muslims in the 700s – Called Moors by the Christians – Christians ruled only a few small kingdoms These Christian states embarked on a series of campaigns to retake their lands from the Muslims – Called the Reconquista = reconquest – It was led by the largest of the Christian kingdoms, Castile – These Christian kingdoms won victory after victory over the Moors – In the 1100s Portugal was able to completely free itself

– The last Muslim stronghold was defeated in 1492 with the defeat of Granada A major step in unifying Spain occurred with the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 – They pursued a strict policy of conformity to Catholicism – 1492 – all professed Jews were expelled from Spain, followed by the Muslims – To be Spanish was to be Catholic

Russia Settled by the Slavs In the early 13 th century the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, invaded Russia – The Mongols left local princes in control, but require them to pay tribute Alexander, Prince of Novgorod – In 1240 a group of Swedes invaded Russian territory, but were completely defeated by Alexander This victory saved Russia from a full-scale invasion Russia was eventually freed from foreign domination in 1480