1. Chapter 15 Sec 3: Kingdoms & Crusades I. England in the Middle Ages A.Alfred the Great united the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and drove the Viking invaders out. This kingdom became “Angleland” or England. B. Normandy was an area in Western France, across the English Channel from England. Normandy was ruled English Channel from England. Normandy was ruled by William, a cousin of King Edward of England. by William, a cousin of King Edward of England. When Edward died, William invaded England. He When Edward died, William invaded England. He defeated the English and became king. He was known defeated the English and became king. He was known as William the Conqueror. as William the Conqueror. C. William ordered a census called the Domesday Book. It counted people, manors, and animals in England. counted people, manors, and animals in England. D. The Normans brought their French customs to England and eventually the customs of the two cultures merged. and eventually the customs of the two cultures merged.

2. E. Henry II was a powerful ruler of England who created the jury system to address arguments over land. The grand jury decided whether people should be accused of a crime. The trial jury decided whether an accused person was guilty or innocent. F. King John, Henry’s son and successor, angered many royals by raising taxes and punishing people without trials. G. The nobles met with King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta, or Great Charter. The Magna Carta took away some of the king’s powers and helped establish people’s rights and limited government. H. In the 1200s, King Edward I gathered representatives from across England to advise him and help make laws. This gathering was called the Parliament. The Parliament eventually divided into two houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

3. II. The Kingdom of France A.After Charlemagne’s empire was divided, the western part of the empire became France. B.The Frankish nobles chose Hugh Capet as king in 987. He was the first Capetian king. The Capetians controlled the are around Paris, and the Capetian nobles had more power than the kings. C.Philip II took the French throne and warred with England. He captured land in Western Europe that had been controlled by England. D.French society had three classes: clergy, nobles, and townspeople- includes peasants. E.In 1302, King Philip IV met with representatives from the three classes, conducting the first meeting of the Estates General- France’s first Parliament.

4. III. Eastern Europe & Russia A. The Slavs settled in Eastern Europe around 500 A.D. B. The Slavs eventually divided into three major groups: southern, western, and eastern Slavs. C. In the 700s, Vikings moved into Slav territory and eventually took power from the Slavs. The Slavs called the Viking rulers the Rus. D. Oleg, a Viking ruler, created a Rus state around the city of Kiev and called it the Kievan Rus. The Grand Duke of Kiev was the main ruler, with local princes, merchants, and landowning nobles. E. The Kievan Rus grew, which attracted missionaries from the Byzantine Empire. Vladimir, a Rus ruler, married a Byzantine emperor’s sister and declared his people Eastern Orthodox.

5. F. The Mongols invaded the Kievan Rus and conquered all but the city of Novgorod. However, the rulers of Novgorod paid money to the Mongol leader. Alexander Nevsky was named the Grand Duke of Novgorod. G. As the Slavs recovered from the Mongol invasion, Moscow, a city located at the crossroads of important trade routes began to grow. Alexander Nevsky’s descendants became dukes of Moscow. Moscow became the center for the Russian branch of the Eastern Orthodox Church. H. Ivan III, known as Ivan the Great, was the Grand Duke of Moscow. He married Sophia, the niece of the Byzantine emperor. He began calling himself czar, which means emperor in Russian. I. Ivan IV ended Mongol rule of Moscow and expanded its territory.

6. IV. The Crusades A. During the Middle Ages, the Muslim Turks invaded the Byzantine Empire. Pope Urban II asked European leaders to capture Jerusalem and free the homeland of Jesus from the Muslims. B. Thousands of soldiers captured Jerusalem in the First Crusade, conquering lands along the way. The conquered lands were divided into the four states. C. The Muslims fought back, and the Europeans began the Second Crusade. Saladin, a Muslim, became ruler of Egypt. His troops captured Jerusalem for the Muslims. The Europeans lost the Second Crusade.

7. D. France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire banded together to fight the Third Crusade against Saladin, which ended in a truce. E. A Fourth Crusade began around 1200. Merchants used it as an excuse to attack Constantinople and seize its riches. The Byzantine Empire became weaker. F. Six more crusades were staged, but the achieved little. Muslims gradually regained the territory lost in the First Crusade. G. The Crusades helped break down the feudalism and increased trade between Europe and the Middle East.