1. Name that social interaction 1.After a heated disagreement 2 nd hour agrees to table the discussion 2.Two boys get into a fight over a girl 3.most basic and common 4.Wars, disagreements within groups, legal disputes, clashes over ideology 5.Can lead to stress, lack of cooperation, inequality & conflict 6.Jake gives Heather a high five in the hall way 7.Carlos and Tristan perform hoping to win Putting on the Hits. 8.Kristen and Lindsay work together for a stunt for the pep rally 9.Neither cooperate or conflict 10.Causes advancement in business, school & sports because people excel to get rewards.

2. Types of social interaction 1.Exchange- -most basic and common -Reciprocity –the idea of owing something in return 2.Competition- -Causes advancement in business, school & sports -Can lead to stress, lack of cooperation, inequality & conflict 3.Conflict -Wars, disagreements within groups, legal disputes, clashes over ideology 4.Cooperation 5.Accommodation Neither cooperate or conflict ex. Compromise, truce, mediation, arbitration

3. Comparing Societies Emile Durkheim : Mechanical solidarity-when people share the same values and perform the same tasks they become united in a common whole (ex. Most pre-industrial soc.) Organic solidarity-impersonal social relationships that arise with increased job specialization in which individuals can no longer provide for all of their own needs Ferdinand Tonnies Gemeinshaft “community”-refers to societies in which most members know each other. (ex. Preindustrial rural village Gesellschaft- “society”- most social relationships are based on need rather than on emotions ( impersonal and temporary) (ex. modern US- example)

4. 4 Chapter 4-4 Groups and Organizations

5. Journal : What do you think a group is ? Make a list of the groups that you are a part of 5

6. 6 Understanding Groups In Sociological terms, a group 1.2 or more people 2.Interact 3.Shared experience 4.Possess some common identity.

7. Not A Group Aggregate- people who gather at the same time but lack organization or lasting pattern of interaction Social category- a means of classifying people according to a shared trait or common status ( students women, teenagers, & left handed people) 7

8. 8 Types of Groups Primary and Secondary Groups Primary group refers to a small group characterised by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation. Secondary Group refers to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding.

9. 9 Comparison of primary and secondary groups Primary GroupSecondary Group Generally small Relatively long period of interaction Intimate, face-to-face association Some emotional depth in relationships Cooperative, friendly Usually large Short duration, temporary Little social intimacy or mutual understanding Relationships generally superficial More formal and impersonal

10. 10 Studying Small Groups Small group is used to refer to a group small enough for all members to interact simultaneously, that is, to talk with one another or at least be acquainted.

11. Journal: # 2-5 Label the following: a group, an aggregate, social category 1.People standing in line at Walmart 2.Social Studies Dept. at Northshore High 3.Teenagers 4.Right-handed people 5.African Americans 6.NAACP 7.1 st lunch in NHS cafeteria 8.Student council 9.Men 10.People over 6 feet tall 11.Mr & Mrs. Boudreaux 12.NHS basketball team 13.Chi Omega Sorority

12. Label the following: a group, an aggregate, social category 1.People standing in line at Walmart -aggregate 2.Social Studies Dept. at Northshore High- a group 3.Teenagers social category 4.Right-handed people- social category 5.African Americans- social category 6.NAACP- a group 7.1 st lunch in NHS cafeteria- aggregate 8.Student council- a group 9.Men- social category 10.People over 6 feet tall- social category 11.Mr & Mrs. Boudreaux- a group 12.NHS basketball team- a group 13.Chi Omega Sorority- a group

13. 13 Label the following: a group, an aggregate, social category 1.People at the 8pm movie last night 2.NHA Social Studies Dept. 3.Teenagers 4.Right-handed people 5.People over 6 feet tall 6.The Hebert Family 7.African Americans 8.NAACP- 9.1 st lunch in NHS cafeteria- 10.The Saints- 11.Men- 12.NHS basketball team- 13.NHS Ambassadors

14. Label the following: a group, an aggregate, social category 1.People at the 8pm movie last night-aggregate 2.NHA Social Studies Dept. - a group 3.Teenagers social category 4.Right-handed people- social category 5.People over 6 feet tall- social category 6.The Hebert Family: Chris Stacey Adam Elizabeth Cameron & David- a group 7.African Americans- social category 8.NAACP- a group 9.1 st lunch in NHS cafeteria- aggregate 10.The Saints- a group 11.Men- social category 12.NHS basketball team- a group 13.NHS Ambassadors a group

15. 15 Size of a Group The simplest of all social groups or relationships is the dyad or two- member group. E.g. a wife and a husband, a business partnership or singing duo. The introduction of one additional person to a dyad dramatically transforms the character of the small group. The dyad now becomes a three-member group, or triad

16. 16 In-Groups and Out-Groups An in-group can be defined as any group or category to which people feel they belong. It comprises everyone who is regarded as ‘we’ or ‘us’. An out-group is a group or category to which people feel they do not belong.

17. 17 Reference Groups When speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behaviour.

18. 18 Coalitions A coalition is a temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal. Coalitions can be broad-based or narrow, and can take on many different objectives. E.g., whites and Latinos, working class and affluent, who have banded together to work for improved sidewalks, better drainage systems, and comprehensive street paving. Out of this type of coalition building, will emerge better interracial understanding.

19. Look at the definition for social institution. Journal What are the basic needs of society? What institutions exist to fill those needs?

20. Social Institutions: system of statuses, roles, values and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of Society What are the basic needs of society? Physical & emotional support Transmitting knowledge Producing goods and services Maintaining social control

21. Ex. Of social institutions Family Economy Politics, Education Religion Also media, medicine & science

22. 22 Understanding organizations Formal organizations and bureaucracies A formal organization is a special purpose group designed and structured for maximum efficiency. Characteristics of a Bureaucracy A bureaucracy is a component of formal organization in which rules and hierarchical ranking are used to achieve efficiency.

23. 23 Max Weber (1922) saw bureaucracy as a form of organization quite different from the family-run business. For analytical purposes, he developed an ideal type of bureaucracy that would reflect the most characteristic aspects of all human organizations. In actuality, perfect bureaucracies do not exist; no real-world organization corresponds exactly to Web’s ideal type.

24. 24 1.Division of Labour Specialized experts are employed in each position to perform specific tasks. Such a work arrangement, produces extreme alienation – a condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society. ‘ Trained incapacity ’– workers become so specialised that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems.

25. 25 Charecteristics of a Bureacracy 1.Division of labor 2.Hierarchy of Authority 3.Written Rules and Regulations 4.Impersonality 5.Employment Based on Technical Qualifications

26. 26 Bureaucratization as a Process Sociologists have used the term bureaucratisation to refer to the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic. (e.g., in a typical citizen’s nightmare, one may have to speak to 10 or 12 individuals in a corporation or government agency to find out which official has jurisdiction over a particular problem.)

27. 27 Oligarchy : Rule by a Few German sociologist, Robert Michels originated the idea of the iron law of oligarchy, which describes how even a democratic organization will develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few (the oligarchy).

28. 28 Bureaucracy and organizational Culture According to the classical theory of formal organizations, also known as the scientific management approach, workers are motivated almost entirely by economic rewards. An alternative way– human relations approach, emphasises the role of people, communication, and participation within a bureaucracy.

29. 29 Voluntary Association Voluntary association are organizations established on the basis of common interest, whose members volunteer or even pay to participate. Membership in voluntary associations is not random. The most consistent predictor of participation is socioeconomic status– that is, a person’s income, education, and occupation.

30. 30

31. Groups Define their boundaries Have symbols, uniforms, gestures, handshakes, & language/jargon Have a goal Control their member’s behavior (sanctions)

32. Groups have leaders Instrumental leader-task-oriented; find specific means that will help a group reach its goal Expressive leaders- emotion oriented; find ways to keep the group together and maintain morale

33. Read to Discover How are bureaucracies structured? How effective are bureaucracies? Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations

34. Question How are bureaucracies structured? Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations

35. Head of the Bureaucracy (CEO, Superintendent, president, etc.) (subordinates) Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations Department Head/VP (subordinates)

36. Division of labor Ranking of authority/ hierachy Employment based on formal qualifications Rules and regulations Specific lines of promotion and advancement Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations Weber’s Model of Buereacracy

37. Govt. organizations can be bureaucratic So can voluntary associations Can have primary groups within large bureaucracies Read p. 87 What are the positives and negatives of a bureaucracy? How effective are bureacracies?

38. Advantages of Bureaucracies Best way to coordinate a large number of people Create order Disadvantages of Bureacracies lose sight of original goal Bureacratic personality-following the rules/ proliferation of red tape Result in oligarchies

39. Iron law of oligarchy Tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by a small group of people. Peter Principle- people are often promoted to positions for which they may have little ability ( rise to your own level of incompetence)

40. Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding Main Ideas 1.How can a person’s status differ from his or her role? 2.How does role conflict affect groups and individuals? How can it be resolved? 3.What are the five most common forms of interaction recognized by sociologists? 4.Identify and describe the three broad categories of societies used by sociologists. 5.How do the roles of group members differ between primary and secondary groups? 6.What, according to Max Weber’s model, are the major characteristics of a bureaucracy? 7.What weaknesses influence the effectiveness of bureaucracies?