1. Chapter 16 Part 3 ConstitutionalismEngland The Netherlands

2. Constitutionalism in Western Europe 1600-1725 Constitutionalism: Government’s power is limited by law

3. 17 th Century England Capitalism = much social mobility Capitalism = much social mobility The English Middle Class: numbers up due to the Commercial Revolution The English Middle Class: numbers up due to the Commercial Revolution Improved agricultural techniques could feed a larger population Improved agricultural techniques could feed a larger population England had a bigger middle class in proportion to its population than any other country in Europe EXCEPT the Netherlands England had a bigger middle class in proportion to its population than any other country in Europe EXCEPT the Netherlands

4. The Gentry Wealthy land owners in the countryside dominated the House of Commons Wealthy land owners in the countryside dominated the House of Commons Many had been middle class and had moved up Many had been middle class and had moved up They relied on English law to limit the power of the King regarding economic and political matters They relied on English law to limit the power of the King regarding economic and political matters

5. The Gentry They were willing to pay taxes so long as the House of Commons had a say in how the money was to be spent They were willing to pay taxes so long as the House of Commons had a say in how the money was to be spent In England, paying taxes held no stigma like it did in France and Spain In England, paying taxes held no stigma like it did in France and Spain England was more egalitarian. England was more egalitarian. The peasants were not as exploited as in other European countries The peasants were not as exploited as in other European countries

6. BUT Taxation DID bring the House of Commons and the monarch into conflict Taxation DID bring the House of Commons and the monarch into conflict

7. Religion By the 17 th century there were more Calvinists and fewer Anglicans By the 17 th century there were more Calvinists and fewer Anglicans Puritans were the most reform-minded of the Calvinists Puritans were the most reform-minded of the Calvinists The Protestant work ethic had a big impact on the Middle Class and the Gentry The Protestant work ethic had a big impact on the Middle Class and the Gentry

8. Calvinists Were much opposed to the influence of the Catholic Church Were much opposed to the influence of the Catholic Church BUT James I and Charles I not so much BUT James I and Charles I not so much

9. The Stuarts Began in 1603 with James I Began in 1603 with James I Both James I and son, Charles I were absolutists at heart. Both James I and son, Charles I were absolutists at heart. Both supported “Divine Right” Both supported “Divine Right” The ambitions of the early Stuart monarchs were held in check by Parliament The ambitions of the early Stuart monarchs were held in check by Parliament

10. The Early Stuarts Both had issues with Parliament Both had issues with Parliament Both suspended same Both suspended same Both into persecuting Puritans Both into persecuting Puritans BUT Charles more enthusiastic… BUT Charles more enthusiastic… Caused the Great Migration of the 17 th C Caused the Great Migration of the 17 th C Clashed with Parliament causing the English Civil War Clashed with Parliament causing the English Civil War

11. The Big Issues Prior to the English Civil War Could the King govern without the consent of Parliament or go against its wishes? Could the King govern without the consent of Parliament or go against its wishes? Would the Church have an Episcopal or a Presbyterian format? Would the Church have an Episcopal or a Presbyterian format?

12. English Civil War 1642-49 King’s supporters: Cavaliers: Old Nobility of the Sword, Anglicans. Mercenaries, Catholics (like the Irish) who feared Puritans more than the Anglican king King’s supporters: Cavaliers: Old Nobility of the Sword, Anglicans. Mercenaries, Catholics (like the Irish) who feared Puritans more than the Anglican king Parliament Puritans: Roundheads Parliament Puritans: Roundheads Were led by Cromwell and his New Model Army Were led by Cromwell and his New Model Army

13. Remember… Parliament received help from the Scots in exchange for a promise: Parliament received help from the Scots in exchange for a promise: That after the war, the English Church would be organized along Presbyterian lines… That after the war, the English Church would be organized along Presbyterian lines… Also, support from businessmen, merchant marine and navy

14. Battle of Nasby The last major battle in the war The last major battle in the war Charles I captured by the Scots Charles I captured by the Scots Was turned over to English Parliament Was turned over to English Parliament Parliament ordered Cromwell to stand down and dissolve his army Parliament ordered Cromwell to stand down and dissolve his army Cromwell refused Cromwell refused

15. Prides Purge 1648 The New Model Army (without the knowledge of Cromwell) purged Parliament of all except English Puritans (The Anglicans and Presbyterian Puritans were booted out) The New Model Army (without the knowledge of Cromwell) purged Parliament of all except English Puritans (The Anglicans and Presbyterian Puritans were booted out) Only 1/5 of Parliament remained Only 1/5 of Parliament remained

16. Charles I Beheaded in 1649 The Interregnum 1649-1660

17. The Commonwealth 1649-53 Was supposed to be a Republic Was supposed to be a Republic The monarchy and the House of Lords was abolished The monarchy and the House of Lords was abolished England became a military state England became a military state The Scots were unhappy with unfulfilled promise The Scots were unhappy with unfulfilled promise Cromwell went to war with the Scots and defeated them Cromwell went to war with the Scots and defeated them

18. The Protectorate 1653-1659 Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament and ruled alone Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament and ruled alone He divided England into 12 military districts He divided England into 12 military districts Each district was controlled by a general Each district was controlled by a general He denied religious freedom to Catholics and Anglicans He denied religious freedom to Catholics and Anglicans BUT allowed Jews to return in 1655 BUT allowed Jews to return in 1655 They had been banished since 1290 They had been banished since 1290

19. Cromwell’s Campaigns 1649 Cromwell put down an Irish Rebellion 1649 Cromwell put down an Irish Rebellion 1652 Act of Settlement: 2/3 of the land in Ireland owned by Catholics was given to English Protestants 1652 Act of Settlement: 2/3 of the land in Ireland owned by Catholics was given to English Protestants 1651-52 Defeated the Scots 1651-52 Defeated the Scots

20. Life in Cromwell’s England Strict moral codes were used to regulate everyday life Strict moral codes were used to regulate everyday life Codes were enforced by the army Codes were enforced by the army The Press was censored The Press was censored Sports were prohibited Sports were prohibited Theaters were closed Theaters were closed It got old fast It got old fast

21. Cromwell died in 1658 His son, Richard, was inept His son, Richard, was inept An Anglican Parliament will invite Charles I’s son, Charles II, to come back home An Anglican Parliament will invite Charles I’s son, Charles II, to come back home While in exile, Charles II agreed to abide by Parliament’s decisions in the post-war settlement While in exile, Charles II agreed to abide by Parliament’s decisions in the post-war settlement

22. 1660 The Restoration Parliament was stronger in relation to the King than ever before Parliament was stronger in relation to the King than ever before Charles II agreed to a significant degree of religious toleration…especially for Catholics (he had a fondness for them anyway) Charles II agreed to a significant degree of religious toleration…especially for Catholics (he had a fondness for them anyway) The King’s power was NOT absolute The King’s power was NOT absolute Though Charles II would have liked that Though Charles II would have liked that

23. Charles II 1660-85 Was called the Merry Monarch Was called the Merry Monarch He had many close personal lady friends and illegitimate children but no legitimate children so his brother, James II will inherit the throne upon Charles II’s death He had many close personal lady friends and illegitimate children but no legitimate children so his brother, James II will inherit the throne upon Charles II’s death

24. The Rise of Political Parties in England The Tories: Conservative The Tories: Conservative Nobles, gentry, Anglicans who supported the King over Parliament Nobles, gentry, Anglicans who supported the King over Parliament The Whigs: More Liberal The Whigs: More Liberal Middle-Class and Puritans who favored Parliament and religious toleration Middle-Class and Puritans who favored Parliament and religious toleration

25. 1661 The Clarendon Code An effort by monarchists and Anglicans to drive Puritans out of political and religious life An effort by monarchists and Anglicans to drive Puritans out of political and religious life The Test Act of 1673: Excluded those who refused to receive the sacrament of the Church of England from voting, holding public office, teaching, preaching, attending universities, or assembling for meetings The Test Act of 1673: Excluded those who refused to receive the sacrament of the Church of England from voting, holding public office, teaching, preaching, attending universities, or assembling for meetings

26. In the Meantime Charles seemed to support Catholics and was criticized for it by the Whigs in Parliament Charles seemed to support Catholics and was criticized for it by the Whigs in Parliament He granted freedom of worship to Catholics He granted freedom of worship to Catholics And took annual payments beginning in 1670 from Louis XIV if Charles would relax restrictions on Catholics! And took annual payments beginning in 1670 from Louis XIV if Charles would relax restrictions on Catholics!

27. Charles II and Catholicism Charles dissolved Parliament when it passed a law denying royal succession to Catholics Charles dissolved Parliament when it passed a law denying royal succession to Catholics James, Charles’s brother and heir, was Catholic James, Charles’s brother and heir, was Catholic Charles II declared himself a Catholic on his deathbed Charles II declared himself a Catholic on his deathbed

28. 1679 The Habeas Corpus Act Attempt by Parliament to limit Charles II’s power Attempt by Parliament to limit Charles II’s power Provisions: Provisions: Allowed judges to demand that prisoners be in court during their trials Allowed judges to demand that prisoners be in court during their trials Required just cause for continued imprisonment Required just cause for continued imprisonment Provided for speedy trials Provided for speedy trials Forbade Double Jeopardy Forbade Double Jeopardy

29. Charles II and Scotland Scotland had gained its independence upon the restoration in 1660 Scotland had gained its independence upon the restoration in 1660 Then Charles went back on his word which allowed for Presbyterianism in Scotland Then Charles went back on his word which allowed for Presbyterianism in Scotland In 1661 he declared himself the head of the Church of Scotland In 1661 he declared himself the head of the Church of Scotland Like his father, he tried to impose the Episcopal form of organization on the Presbyterians in Scotland Like his father, he tried to impose the Episcopal form of organization on the Presbyterians in Scotland

30. Charles II and Scotland Thousands in Scotland were killed for resisting Thousands in Scotland were killed for resisting The last few years of Charles II’s reign were known as the “Killing Time.” The last few years of Charles II’s reign were known as the “Killing Time.”