1. A Turbulent Time: The 17 th and 18 th Centuries

2.  Following Queen Elizabeth 1’s death in 1603, James 1 is crowned King.  King James Bible  Died in 1625

3. New King: Charles 1 (1625-1649)

4. King Charles 1 didn’t have enough money to fund all of his wars. So…

5.  So he made his rich friends give him loans…

6.  And forced poor people into service as sailors and soldiers

7. British Parliament did not agree with his abuse of power, so he shut them up and did not call them into session for 11 years.

8.  Without Parliament there to stop him, Charles issued new religious orders. All ministers were to adhere to the Anglican church – which greatly outraged the Puritans. These Puritans were persecuted and tortured for going against Charles’s beliefs.

9.  Religious freedom proved to be too important and rebels rose up against Charles I’s rule.  He summoned Parliament to help raise the money needed to fight the rebels.  Parliament, still angry at Charles, was not much help and in 1642 they condemned him as a tyrant.  The English Civil War Began

10. English Civil War  Parliament vs. Royalist Army  Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell  Parliament victorious over Royalist in 1645  Charles I taken as prisoner in 1647  And then…

11. Charles 1 was beheaded on January 30, 1649

12.  After Charles I’s death, England still wasn’t the free society they fought to be.  Oliver Cromwell created the English Commonwealth and ruled it like a dictator until his death in 1658.  Gambling, horse racing, newspapers, fancy clothes, public dancing, and theater were all outlawed.

13.  Tired of taxation, violence, and disorder, Parliament restored Charles I’s heir, Charles II, to the throne in 1660.  This time period became known as THE RESTORATION THE RESTORATION  Charles II was nothing like the strict and prudish Puritan leaders before him.

14.  After the death of Charles II, James II took the throne  James II was a devout Catholic and this caused problems for Puritans leaders.  In 1688, James II’s daughter Mary was asked to take over as England’s ruler along with her husband, William of Orange.  Rather than fighting, James II fled to France  Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution

15. Constitutional Monarchy  Under William and Mary, England achieved a Constitutional Monarchy with a Bill of Rights.  The Whig and Tory parties were established.  A Cabinet of Ministers and a Prime Minister were established.

16. Agricultural Revolution late 1600’s  New Farm tools = More food production  More food = Population Surge  Less farmhands needed = people leave countryside for growing towns  Growth of industry!!

17. The Enlightenment  Through reason and observation of nature, human beings could discover the order underlying all things.  Sir Isaac Newton published his study of gravity.  Applied to more than just literature – important to philosophers, astronomers, scientists, inventors, etc.

18. The Industrial Age 1700’s  Inventions  + Trade  + Industry  =  Enormous Wealth for Britain

19. Industry  Terrible work conditions  factories polluted the air  no child labor laws

20. 17 th & 18 th Century Literature  Cavalier Poets – English gentlemen poets who supported Charles 1 during the English Civil Wars and were against Parliament.  Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, Edmund Waller, Robert Herrick  Carpe Diem Philosophy

21. 17 th and 18 th Century Literature  The School of Jonson  Ben Jonson (1572-1637)  His writing strove for perfection and harmony and turned away from the ornate style of Elizabethan times.  “Sons of Ben” Robert Herrick Sir John Suckling Richard Lovelace

22. 17 th & 18 th Century Literature  The School of Donne  John Donne (1572-1632)  Pioneered Metaphysical Poetry – highly intellectual poetry that is concerned with metaphysical/ philosophical matters. Usually draws a comparison between two very different things in order to deliver a message.  “Sons of Donne” –George Herbet –Andrew Marvell

23. The Puritan Writers John Milton – (1608-1674) greatest poet of the 17 th century Influenced by Greek and Latin as well as the Biblical Hebrew Wrote pamphlets for the Puritan cause when Parliament raised up against Charles I. Went blind by 1652 as a result of his labors for the Commonwealth. His last and most famous work, Paradise Lost, reflects his humanistic love of poetry and his Puritan devotion to God.

24. The Age of Reason  Inspiration came from the ancient literature of the Greeks and Romans.  Appreciated satire that made fun of the follies of society  Used aphorisms to express thoughts  Favored generalities over the viewpoint of the individual