Topic 1: Phonetics Raung-fu Chung Southern Taiwan University
What is phoentics? Phonetics is a science to study sound structure of human beings.
Nature of sounds Sounds are waveforms, which is continuous without any pauses. For instance, Lukai: akanasukuvevaa akan asukuvevaa 指東西吃 - 第二人 稱單數 附著 - 所有附著 - 助詞這 ( 過去 ) 早上
Segmentation: 1. While sounds are continuous, they can be segmented and represented by a system of symbols. 2. IPA (International Phonetic Association or International Phonetic Alphabets) 3. Sound and spelling: English, Malay, Korean, Japanese
Phonetics: 1.Articulatory phonetics 2.Auditory phonetics 3.Acoustic phonetics
Speech organs: Nasal cavity Tongue body Oral cavity larynx lungs supralarynx larynx
Phonation:
Place of articulation: 1. lips 2. coronal 3. Dorsal
Manner of articulation: 1.Voiced vs. voiceless 2.Stop (noncontinuent) 3.Fricative 4.Affricate 5.Nasal
Sound categories: Vowels vs. consonants a. oral cavity: with or without friction b. waveforms: periodical vs. aperiodical c. resonants: with or without formants
Sound Waves: English heed [hid] Aperiodical & periodical waves Aperiodical waves Periodical waves
Periodical vs. aperiodical
More articulators Hard palate Soft palate velum uvular
Passive articulators:
Now we are ready for the sound descriptions
Consonants: bilabial stops 1.Place of articulation: bilabial 2.Manner of articulation: stops
Characteristics of stop consonants Three steps in manner of articulation 1. inhaling: 2. stop the airstream somewhere in the oral or nasal cavity: 3. release of the airstream:
Consonants: bilabial stops 1.targets: /b, p, p h, m/ 2.Place: bilabials 3.Manners: stops b p p h m place[labial] manner[continuent]
Voiced: /b/ vs. /p/ /b/: voiced, vocal cords birate in sound production /p/: voiceless b p place[labial] manner[continuent] [voiced]
Aspiration: /p/: unaspirated /ph/: aspirated b pph Place[labial] Manner[continuent]
Vowels:
Vowel quality: formants
Formant tracing: Chinese [shi]
What is a formant? Ladefoged: A group of overtones corresponding to a resonating frequency of the air in the vocal tract. [P.293] Laver: They (formants) represent the acoustic consequences of the changing shapes of the mouth and pharynx in terms of the varying frequency-values of the resonances of the vocal tract. [P.103) Pickett: In speech, the resonances of the vocal tract are called formants.[P.23]
Vocal tract and its type in vowels: Pickett 1999:41
Vocal tract as a tube:
Vocal tract shapes for vowels:
Know further? 1.The length from the lips to glottis is about 17 cm 2.The lowest frequency at which such a tube resonates will have a wavelength ( ) 4 times the length of the tube: = 4 x 17 cm = 68 cm 3. The formula for the frequencies of the vocal tract resonance are: F1= c/ ( =4 l, where 1= the length of the tube=17cm) c=34400cm (a constant number for the velocity in the open air) F2=3c/ F3=5c/
Formants of English vowels (Olive 1993)
Formants of a student’s English vowels
F1 & F2: a vowel chart
English vowel chart:
Vowels in other languages Southern Min (12 males)
Mandarin Chinese
French:
Southern Min and Hakka: male and female
French:
Hakka: 30 speakers
Hakka: average of 30 speakers
VOT: properties of stop consonants
English VOT
Our studies: NSE VOT
NSE in columns
Hakka VOT: P ph t th k kh ts tsh VOT(ms)
Hakka: aspirated vs. unaspirated
SM VOT
Students from different countries for Chinese VOT:
Stop: energy and place
Fricatives: friction noises a. 私 [s ] b. 詩 [ ] c. 西 [ i] d. she
Noise frequencies: Languages[s] [][][][][][] English Polish Mandarin Hakka
Peaks of noises in LPC:
More on frictions:
Nasals:
Syllabic nasals: [m] [n] [ ]
Nasal + vowel: transition
Place reflected in transition:
Place matters:
Vowels + nasal= transition and place
Also place matters:
Nasalized vowels: nasal murmur / e / / e / Nasal murmur
Nasalized vowels and nasal murmur
Freanch:/ / and / /
Southern Min nasal murmurs
SM: ne Nasal murmur
Nasalized by degrees?
SM nasalized vs. oral vowels in chart
Now: What can we do with phonetics? 1. one language, different speakers 2. across language: Mandarin vs. English Mandarin vs. Southern Min English vs. other languages Mandarin vs. other languages 3. acoustic phonetic studies
Case 1: VOT in EFL Topic: INTERLANGUAGE PRODUCTION OF ENGLISH STOP CONSONANTS: A VOT ANALYSIS
Methodology: Subjects: 20 EFL students –H EFL 5 girls (the age of 13 to 16) 5 boys (the age of 13 to 16) In the HEFL group, 9 subjects passed the basic of GEPT and the other passed Cave. 6 subjects came from the same public junior high school, 3 subjects came from Kaohsiung, and the other came from Yunlin.
–L EFL 5 girls (the age of 15 to 16) 5 boys (the age of 15 to 16) There is no one passing the GEPT. 9 subjects came from the same public high school in Yunlin County and the other came from a public vocational school in Yunlin County.
6 NSEs (Native speaker of American English) –3 females (the age of 19 to 24) –3 males (the age of 19 to 24) 3 subjects came from Utah, 2 subjects came from Ohio, and 1 subject came from Washington D.C. They live in Taiwan for 5 months to 19 months, and the mean period is 9.4 months. They are missionaries. They speak Mandarin.
Instruments: Fill in a questionnaire –About subjects linguistic and education background. Reading Lists –English list 27 words –Mandarin list 16 words –/ ph, th, kh, p, t, k/ /i, u, a/ –Southern Min list 24 words –/ph, th, kh, p, t, k, b, g/ /i, u, a/
Sound Record program –Computer Praat –The program written by Paul Boersma and David Weenink Data Analysis: Get the VOT –Fetching the syllables –Storing to a new “WAV” file –Measuring VOT by Praat Make Worksheets –Using Excel program mean values standard deviations (SD) graphical representation The VOT values –SPSS 1. ANOVA tests
Results: 1. VOT production by the NSE group –The VOT values average 12.3, 22.2, and 36.0 msec for /p/, /t/, and /k/. –The VOT for /b, d, g/ and /p, t, k/ are similar. 2. VOT production in Mandarin by the EFL group –/p, t, k/ are short VOT value. –/p h, t h, k h / are long VOT value –/th/ is shorter than /ph/ –HEFL group in /p, t, k/ have shorter VOT values than LEFL group in Mandarin.
3. VOT production in Southern Min by EFL group –EFL, in Southern Min, are produced with short lag with voiceless unaspirated. –Aspirated ones are produced with long lag. –There are less obvious between labial and alveolar stop in Southern Min. –Fast speech rate may get lower VOT value. 4. EFL student’s VOT production in English –/b/ and /g/ with negative VOT values in English –In HEFL group, voiced and voiceless unaspirated with shorter VOT values than LEFL. –Voiceless aspirated stops consistently with higher VOT values by HEFL than LEFL.
Summary:
Implications?
Case study 2: Mandarin fricatives
A peak comparison: American English and American Chinese
Korean vs. Korean Chinese
Questions?