Macromolecules Biology

What does organic mean?  Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen.  Inorganic Molecules - the rest.  Water  Salt  Oxygen gas  Carbon dioxide  Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen.  Inorganic Molecules - the rest.  Water  Salt  Oxygen gas  Carbon dioxide

The Role of Carbon in Organisms Let’s draw carbon…

Carbon A carbon atom has four electrons available for bonding in its outer energy level. In order to become stable, a carbon atom forms four covalent bonds that fill its outer energy level.

Two carbon atoms can form various types of covalent bonds:  Single  Double  Triple  Single  Double  Triple

When carbon atoms bond to each other they can form:  Straight Chains  Branched Chains  Rings (like glucose)  Straight Chains  Branched Chains  Rings (like glucose)

Polymer  Polymer - large molecule made of many smaller molecules that bond together. Polymers are made of monomers!

Types of Polymers Polymers s Carbohydrates 1.Proteins 2.Lipids 3.Nucleic Acids Polymers s Carbohydrates 1.Proteins 2.Lipids 3.Nucleic Acids Their Monomers… 1.Monosaccharide 2.Amino Acids 3.Fatty Acids 4.Nucleotides

Carbohydrates  Composed of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.  Ratio of 1:2:1  Simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide.  Composed of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.  Ratio of 1:2:1  Simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide.

 Monosaccharide - 1 ring  Example: glucose  Disaccharide - 2 (glucose + fructose = sucrose) Sucrose is a disaccharide!  Polysaccharide - many  Example: starch  Monosaccharide - 1 ring  Example: glucose  Disaccharide - 2 (glucose + fructose = sucrose) Sucrose is a disaccharide!  Polysaccharide - many  Example: starch

Types of Polysaccharides  Starch - found in plants. Its their way of storing energy.  Glycogen - found in liver of animals. Temporary storage.  Cellulose - found in the cell wall of plants.  Carbohydrates are for short term storage of energy.  Starch - found in plants. Its their way of storing energy.  Glycogen - found in liver of animals. Temporary storage.  Cellulose - found in the cell wall of plants.  Carbohydrates are for short term storage of energy.

Lipids  Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen, with a little bit of oxygen.  Fats, oils, and waxes.  They are insoluble in water, because they are non-polar. (hydrophobic)  Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen, with a little bit of oxygen.  Fats, oils, and waxes.  They are insoluble in water, because they are non-polar. (hydrophobic)

Functions of Lipids  Long term storage of energy  Insulation  Protection of organs  Steroids - signals in body  Important in metabolism  Some hormones  Long term storage of energy  Insulation  Protection of organs  Steroids - signals in body  Important in metabolism  Some hormones

Proteins  Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.  The basic building blocks of proteins are amino acids.  Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.  The basic building blocks of proteins are amino acids.

Amino Acids  20 common amino acids that can make thousands of proteins.  Amino acids are held together by Peptide Bonds. (Peptide bonds hold the protein chain together!)  20 common amino acids that can make thousands of proteins.  Amino acids are held together by Peptide Bonds. (Peptide bonds hold the protein chain together!)

Proteins make up many of the structural components of organism!  Components like enzymes!  Enzymes are proteins that change the rate of a chemical reaction.  Speeds them up!  Ex. Digesting a food, blood clotting, etc  Components like enzymes!  Enzymes are proteins that change the rate of a chemical reaction.  Speeds them up!  Ex. Digesting a food, blood clotting, etc

Nucleic Acids  Stores cellular information in the form of a code.  Made of subunits called nuceotides.  Stores cellular information in the form of a code.  Made of subunits called nuceotides.

Nucleotides have three parts: 1.Nitrogenous Base 2.A Simple Sugar 3.A Phosphate Group 1.Nitrogenous Base 2.A Simple Sugar 3.A Phosphate Group Phosphate group Sugar Nitrogenous base

DNA is a nucleic acid!  Deoxyribonucleic acid!  The instructions coded in DNA contains all the instructions for making proteins in organisms.  RNA is also a nucleic acid…we’ll talk about it later!  Deoxyribonucleic acid!  The instructions coded in DNA contains all the instructions for making proteins in organisms.  RNA is also a nucleic acid…we’ll talk about it later!

DNA