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State Standard SB1C – Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, & nucleic acids)
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The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Carbon – The Element of Life The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules. For this reason, life on earth is considered carbon-based. All organic compounds contain carbon.
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Carbon – The Element of Life – Cont’d
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Carbon – The Element of Life – Cont’d Carbon has four electrons in its outermost energy level. One carbon atom can form four covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, and rings.
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Macromolecules - AKA Organic Molecules
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Macromolecules - AKA Organic Molecules Macromolecules are large organic molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. There are 4 macromolecules that form the structure & function of every living thing: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids.
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Macromolecules - Cont’d
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Macromolecules - Cont’d Macromolecules are polymers. Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds. Each macromolecule has specific monomers (small molecules) as its building blocks.
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Main energy source for all organisms
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates Functions: Main energy source for all organisms Structural component of cell walls Signal receiver on plasma membrane Building Block/Monomer: Monosaccharides
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Carbohydrates – Cont’d Structure:
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates – Cont’d Structure: Made of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 Form rings, straight chains, or branched chains 3 groups of Carbs: Monosaccharides (simple/single sugars) Oligosaccharides (chain of a few sugars) Polysaccharides (chain of many sugars)
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Carbohydrates – Cont’d Examples: Sugars Starches
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates – Cont’d Examples: Sugars Starches Glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Sucrose Cellulose
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Long-term energy storage Barriers (e.g. - plasma membrane)
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Lipids Functions: Long-term energy storage Barriers (e.g. - plasma membrane) Waterproof coatings Building Block/Monomer: Glycerols w/ fatty acid tails Insoluble in water due to nonpolarity
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More carbon-hydrogen bonds & fewer oxygen atoms than carbohydrates
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Lipids Cont’d Structure: More carbon-hydrogen bonds & fewer oxygen atoms than carbohydrates 3 groups of Lipids: Fats Oils Waxes
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Cutin (helps plants retain water) Butter Vegetable Oil Cholesterol
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Lipids – Cont’d Examples: Cutin (helps plants retain water) Butter Vegetable Oil Cholesterol Steroids
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Transport of materials Immune system Structural building block
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Proteins Functions: Muscle contraction Transport of materials Immune system Structural building block Speed up reactions Building Block/Monomer: Amino Acids Most diverse macromolecule!
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Proteins Cont’d Structure: Large & complex
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Proteins Cont’d Structure: Large & complex Long chains made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & sometimes sulfur Examples: Muscle, skin, hair, nails Collagen Enzymes Hemoglobin Insulin Antibodies
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Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Proteins Cont’d The number and the order in which the amino acids are joined define the protein’s primary structure. After an amino acid chain is formed, it folds into a unique three-dimensional shape, which is the protein’s secondary structure, such as a helix or a pleat.
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Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology
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Store & transmit genetic information in the form of a code
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Nucleic Acids Functions: Store & transmit genetic information in the form of a code Building Block/Monomer: Nucleotides
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Nucleic Acids Cont’d Structure:
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Nucleic Acids Cont’d Structure: A nucleotide is composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base Examples: DNA RNA ATP
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Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology
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Which element do almost all biological molecules contain?
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 Formative Questions Which element do almost all biological molecules contain? carbon nitrogen phosphorus sodium
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How many covalent bonds can carbon form with other atoms?
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 Formative Questions How many covalent bonds can carbon form with other atoms? 1 2 4 8
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What type of biological molecule is an enzyme?
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 Formative Questions What type of biological molecule is an enzyme? hormone nucleic acid protein steroid
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What are fats, oils, and waxes composed of?
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 Formative Questions What are fats, oils, and waxes composed of? lipids nucleotides polypeptides sugars
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What are the monomers that make up proteins?
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 Formative Questions What are the monomers that make up proteins? amino acids fatty acids glycerols nucleotides
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Which biological molecule transports substances between cells?
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 Formative Questions Which biological molecule transports substances between cells? carbohydrate lipid nucleic acid protein
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What do cellulose and chitin have in common?
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice What do cellulose and chitin have in common? They are energy-storing polymers. They are found in the cells of animals. They are structural polysaccharides. They are composed of repeating sucrose units.
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Which polysaccharide stores energy in muscle and liver tissue?
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice Which polysaccharide stores energy in muscle and liver tissue? gluten glycogen starch sucrolose
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What is the function of this biological macromolecule?
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice What is the function of this biological macromolecule?
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communicate signals between cells produce vitamins and hormones
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice communicate signals between cells produce vitamins and hormones provide support and protection store and transmit genetic information
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Which is a characteristic of all lipids?
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice Which is a characteristic of all lipids? They are saturated triglycerides. They do not dissolve in water. They are liquid at room temperature. They store less energy than carbohydrates.
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