1. Exploring the Universe of Macromolecules!!!!

2. Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Lipids

3. Carbohydrates hydrogen --- H oxygen --- O
Composed (made) of the elements
carbon C
hydrogen --- H
oxygen O

4. Functions of carbohydrates
Provides energy (key fuel of cells)
Energy storage (starch and glycogen)
Make up cell walls of plants (cellulose)

5. The Basic Building Block of Carbohydrates
The simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide. Contains ONE sugar molecule.
Examples are glucose and fructose)
glucose

7. Di means…..two
SO a Disaccharide is two simple sugars like fructose or glucose hooked together
Ahhh…what a sweet fact!

8. Disaccharide: sucrose
sugar cane (60%) and sugar beets (40%)

10. Relative Sweetness of Sugars:
Sucrose (100)
Glucose (70)
Fructose (170)

11. Poly means….MANY
The largest carbohydrate molecules are polysaccharides, polymers composed of many monosaccharide subunits. (Food ex:. potatoes, liver)

12. What are some polysaccharides??
Food storage in plants
Starch

13. Cellulose
Makes up the cell walls of plants and provides support for the plant.

14. Glycogen
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals, similar to starch in plants.
It is mainly found in the liver and muscles

15. Lipids

16. Water and oil refuse to get along!
Lipids
made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen. (ie. fats, oils, waxes)
Water and oil refuse to get along!

17. Types of lipids
Triglycerides-- fats and oils --(made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids)
Phospholipids)—cell membrane-- (made of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate group

18. Steroids—cholesterol and hormones (has no fatty acids)
Wax (fatty acid and an alcohol group)

19. The Building Blocks of LIPIDS
Glycerol -
Fatty acids 

20. Saturated fats…come from animals
[have single bonds] (more fattening) 20

21. Unsaturated fats…come from plants and have double and triple bonds

22. Functions of Lipids
Store energy (highest calorie values per weight)
Insulation
Make up the cell membrane
Chemical messengers (steroid hormomes like testosterone and estrogen)
Barrier for water

23. Foods containing Lipids

24. Proteins

25. The structure of proteins
A protein is a large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

26. Protein functions
Make up cell structures
Enzymes (speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the cell)
Hormones (insulin-needed for cells to absorb glucose)
Transport oxygen (hemoglobin)

27. The structure of proteins
The basic building blocks of proteins are called amino acids.
There are about 20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of proteins.

28. The structure of proteins
Peptide bonds are covalent bonds formed between amino acids that hold them together.

29. SO a protein is just like a pearl necklace…
SO a protein is just like a pearl necklace…..a lot of amino acids hooked together to make a protein
Peptide bonds AA AA AA AA

30. 2 peptides is called a dipeptide
3-9 peptides is called a polypeptide
Many amino acids with lots of folding is called a protein

31. Eggs
Chicken
Steak
Fish

32. How many types of amino acids are there in living things?
There are about 20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of proteins.

33. What is the function of an enzyme?
Enzymes (which are proteins) speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the cell.

34. Nucleic Acids

35. What are Nucleic Acids?? Nucleic acids contain the elements
C, H, O, N, and Phosphorus

36. Function of nucleic acids
Store hereditary information
Store information needed to make proteins

37. Nucleic acids are made of NUCLEOTIDES
What are they made of ????
Nucleic acids are made of NUCLEOTIDES
Sugar

38. The two most important types of nucleic acids are:
DNA or RNA….the molecules that have our inherited information

39. Review 1. What are the 4 types of macromolecules?
2. Meat would be an example of what type(s)?
3. Potatoes would be an example of what type?

40. Review continued 4. Cooking oil would be an example of what type?
5. RNA and DNA are examples of what type?
6. What are the main elements that compose these organic macromolecules?

41. 7. Which contains mostly hydrogen (H) and carbon ( C ) with a little oxygen ( O )?
8. Which contains C , H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio?
9. Which also contains nitrogen (N)?
10. Which also contains phosphorus (P)?