1. Organic Molecules Objective 2.01:
Compare & Contrast the structure & functions of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, & Nucleic Acids

2. Today

3. Basic Chemistry Review
Elements are the simplest form of matter - Atoms make up elements
There are more than 100 elements listed on the Periodic Table, but only 30 are important to life
90% of the mass of all living things are made of compounds containing Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N)

4. Compounds are elements bonded together
H2O = 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom = water
CO2 = 1 carbon atom + 2 oxygen atoms = carbon dioxide
C6H12O6…
If the compound contains the element CARBON, then it is called an ORGANIC compound

5. Organic Compounds
There are 4 organic compounds that are essential to life:
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

6. Each organic compound is also called a POLYMER: A large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together
Polymers are made of MONOMERS: small molecules that make up a polymer. (Building blocks)
                                                     

7. **Carbohydrates** Used by cells to provide ENERGY!
Monosaccharide: One simple sugar
Mono: one, Saccharide: sugar
Ex. Glucose & Fructose
Disaccharide: Two sugars
Di: two, so 2 monosaccharides linked together will produce a disaccharide.
Ex. Sucrose (table sugar)
Polysaccharide: Many sugars
Poly: many
Ex. Glycogen, starch

8. So if sugars were bricks…
Monosaccharide:
Disaccharide:
Polysaccharide:

9. Real Life Polysaccharides:
Mammals store their energy in the liver in the form of glycogen.
Plants store their energy in the form of starch.
Also, cellulose is a polysaccharide plants use to make up their cell walls and give them shape.

10. Is there starch in there??
You can put yellow iodine into a solution to see if starch is present.
No: Stays yellow
Yes: Turns a blue/black color!

11. Is there sugar in there??
You can mix Benedict’s solution to see if there is sugar in a heated mixture.
No: Stays blue
Yes: Turns red

12. **Lipids** Fats, Oils, Waxes, & Steroids Do not dissolve in water.
Cells use lipids for long term energy storage, insulation, & protective coverings of cells.
Made of Glycerol & Fatty Acids

13. Are there lipids in there?
When put on paper, the fats are absorbed into the paper.

14. **Proteins**
Provide structure for tissue and organs & carry out cell metabolism.
Made up of amino acids (20)
Amino acids link together by peptide bonds in countless orders to assemble various proteins.

15. A Speedy Protein = Enzymes!
Enzymes: Proteins that change the rate of a chemical reaction. They usually speed it up!

16. Nucleic Acids
Stores cellular information in the form of a code (Your genetic info!)
Ex. DNA & RNA
Made up of nucleotides.
Nucleotides have 3 parts:
Nitrogen Base
Simple Sugar
Phosphate Group
*All living things contain
Nucleic Acids!!*

17. Sooo… Polymer Monomers Carbohydrate (Polysaccharide) Monosaccharides
Lipids
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Proteins
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides

18. Which organic compounds are found in a hamburger??
Review…
Which organic compounds are found in a hamburger??

19. pH Scale
Measures how acidic or basic a substance is

20. Acids Have a pH of 1to 7 Give off a H + Acids can burn Example
Lemon juice
Stomach acid

21. Bases Have a pH of 7 to 14 A base gives off as OH-
A base can be used for cleaning
Feels soapy
Examples:
Ammonia
409 cleaner