( 1 of 12 ) Objectification is the process of treating human beings as if they were objects Objectification of Women –referred to as “females” –seen as “all alike” –subordinate and passive –easily ignored and trivialized Cult of thinness –people worship the perfect body Chapter 10 Sex and Gender

( 2 of 12 ) Nichelle Urban Hipster 2005 Marissa Beach baby 2005 Barbie 1960 Barbie's measurements equate to inches. Those numbers fall far below even today's typical size 8 woman. Far below... the waist for a size 8 is 27 inches. And the average woman in the US today is a size 16.

( 3 of 12 ) Ken 1960 G. I. Joe 1964 G. I. Joe 1996 Tyson “Leather” 2004

( 4 of 12 ) Sex biological and anatomical differences between females and males –Primary sex characteristics (genitals) –Secondary sex characteristics (other than reproductive organs) Intersexual (hermaphrodite) ambiguous sexual differentiation –does not mean a person possesses both a penis and a vagina Transsexual sex-related structures of the brain that define gender are opposite from the physical sex organs of the person’s body Sex: The Biological Dimension

( 5 of 12 ) Transvestite a person who lives as the opposite sex but does not alter the genitals –cross-dressers are not transsexuals or transvestites Sexual orientation –preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexual) same sex (homosexual) both (bi-sexual) “Transgender” Homophobia Criteria for Identification of homosexual and bi- sexual people (University of Chicago) (1)sexual attraction (2)sexual involvement (3)self-identification

( 6 of 12 ) Kinsey Scale 0- Exclusively heterosexual 1- Predominantly heterosexual, only incidentally homosexual 2- Predominantly heterosexual, but more than incidentally homosexual 3- Equally heterosexual and homosexual 4- Predominantly homosexual, but more than incidentally heterosexual 5- Predominantly homosexual, only incidentally heterosexual 6- Exclusively homosexual

( 7 of 12 ) Gender culturally and socially-constructed differences between females and males –Masculinity –Femininity Gender role  “appropriate” for each sex Gender identity perception of self as male or female Body consciousness is how a person perceives and feels about his/her body –Eating disorders: anorexia, bulimia, obesity –Bodybuilding –Body dysmorphic disorder Gender: The Cultural Dimension

( 8 of 12 ) Sexism subordination of one sex (usually female), based on the assumed superiority of the other sex Components of Sexism aimed at women: 1)Stereotypical beliefs 2)Negative attitudes toward women 3)Discrimination Patriarchy hierarchical system of social organization that is controlled by men “Matriarchy”

( 9 of 12 ) Gender Socialization gender-appropriate toys household chores/task assignment Parents Schools Peers Sports Mass Media Gender bias favoritism towards one gender over another

( 10 of 12 ) Economics of Gender Inequality Gender-segregated work Labor market segmentation Pay Gap –Pay equity or comparable worth

( 11 of 12 ) Functionalist Perspectives on Gender Stratification Husband : Instrumental tasks economic support making decisions Wife : Expressive tasks nurturing caregiving “The Natural Order of the Universe”

( 12 of 12 ) Feminist Perspectives on Gender Stratification Feminism men and women should be valued equally and have equal rights –Can men be feminists?  Liberal feminism  Radical feminism  Socialist feminism  Multicultural feminism