1. Chapter 11
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

2. Chapter Outline Sex: The Biological Dimension
Gender: The Cultural Dimension
Gender Stratification in Historical and Contemporary Perspective
Gender and Socialization
Contemporary Gender Inequality
Perspectives on Gender Stratification
Gender Issues in the Future

3. Three important distinctions
Sex: biological characteristics
Primary
secondary
Sexuality (or sexual orientation): attraction
Heterosexual
Homosexual
Bisexual
asexual
Gender: social
Male
Female

4. Sex: The Biological Dimension
Sex refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.
Primary sex characteristics: the genitalia used in the reproductive process.
Secondary sex characteristics: the physical traits (other than reproductive organs) that identify an individual’s sex.
The American Psychological Association (2010) defines sexualization as the acts or processes whereby an individual or group is seen as sexual in nature or persons become aware of their sexuality.
An intersexed person is an individual who is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not correspond to typical definitions of male or female; in other words, the person’s sexual differentiation is ambiguous.
Transgendered person—an individual whose gender identity (self-identification as woman, man, neither, or both) does not match the person’s assigned sex (identification by others as male, female, or intersex based on physical/genetic sex).
A cross-dresser (formerly known as a transvestite), a male who dresses as a woman or a female who dresses as a man but does not alter his or her genitalia.

5. Sex …not always one or the other
Intersexuals
People whose bodies have both male and female primary and/or secondary characteristics
Transexuals
An individual who identifies with a gender that is inconsistent or not culturally in line with their assigned sex

6. Male and Female “differences”
Seen as “natural”
Lets discuss some differences
Margaret Mead’s research:
Posited that if gender were based on biology, all cultures would display the same male, female characteristics
Found evidence against this in study of three different cultures

7. Sexuality or sexual orientation
A person’s romantic, emotional and ,mainly, physical attraction to another person
Homosexual: romantic or sexual attraction to individuals of the same sex
Heterosexual: romantic or sexual attraction to individuals of the opposite sex

8. Sexual orientation refers to an individual’s preference for emotional–sexual relationships with members of the different sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).
Homophobia refers to extreme prejudice and sometimes discriminatory actions directed at gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who are perceived as not being heterosexual.

9. Sexuality…not one or the other
Bisexuality: sexual attraction to people of all sexes
Asexuality: a lack of sexual attraction to people of either sex

10. Gender: The Cultural Dimension
Gender refers to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with “femininity” and “masculinity.”
Gender role refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.
Gender identity is a person’s perception of the self as female or male.
Body consciousness is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body.

11. Sexism is the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.
Negative attitudes toward women
Stereotypical beliefs that reinforce, complement, or justify the prejudice
Discrimination
Patriarchy is a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.
Matriarchy is a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by women.

12. Gender Stratification in Historical and Contemporary Perspective
Hunting and Gathering Societies
relative gender equality
Horticultural and Pastoral Societies
decreasing gender equality
Agrarian Societies
low women’s status
Industrial Societies
Postindustrial Societies
varied gender equality

13. Gender and Socialization
Parents and Gender Socialization
behavior
toys
chores
racial differences
Peers and Gender Socialization
“appropriate”
games

14. Teachers, Schools, and Gender Socialization
Interactions
Gender bias consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.
Sports and Gender Socialization
Competition

15. Discussion
What would happen if children were not socialized in gender specific roles?

16. Mass Media and Gender Socialization
television
advertisements
Adult Gender Socialization
workforce
aging

17. Contemporary Gender Inequality
Gender Inequality in the Workforce
Inequality in management positions
Gender-segregated work refers to the concentration of women and men in different occupations, jobs, and places of work.
Labor market segmentation refers to the division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditions.
Gendered pay gap - the disparity between women’s and men’s earnings.
Pay equity or comparable worth is the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker.

18. Women’s Wages as a Percentage of Men’s
Figure 11.2

19. Paid Work and Family Work
“second shift”
“the sandwich generation”

20. Perspectives on Gender Stratification
Functionalist and Neoclassical Economic Perspectives
instrumental versus expressive tasks
The human capital model suggests that individuals vary widely in the amount of human capital they bring to the labor market.
Human capital is acquired by education and job training; it is the source of a person’s productivity and can be measured in terms of the return on the investment (wages) and the cost (schooling or training).

21. Conflict Perspectives
The gendered division of labor within families and in the workplace results from male control of and dominance over women and resources.
Feminist Perspectives
Feminism refers to the belief that women and men are equal and should be valued equally and have equal rights.
Liberal Feminism
Radical Feminism
Socialist Feminism
Multicultural Feminism

22. Gender Issues in the Future
Wage gap
Global gender inequality

23. Quick Quiz

24. Answer: c In which type of society are men and women relatively equal?
Agrarian
Pastoral
Hunting and gathering
Industrial
Answer: c
Men and women are relatively equal in hunting and gathering societies.

25. Answer: a Primary sex characteristics include:
genitalia.
ones that are most important in a relationship.
clothing that a person wears.
characteristics such as facial hair and tone of voice that are obvious when meeting someone.
Answer: a
Primary sex characteristics include genitalia.

26. A ____ is a person for whom the sex-related structures of the brain that define gender identity are opposite from the physical sex organs of the person's body.
transsexual
hermaphrodite
transvestite
homosexual
Answer: a
A transsexual is a person for whom the sex-related structures of the brain that define gender identity are opposite from the physical sex organs of the person's body.

27. Extreme prejudice against gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and non- heterosexuals is:
thesbianophobia
xenophobia
homophobia
agoraphobia
Answer: c
Extreme prejudice against gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and non-heterosexuals is homophobia.

28. The belief that women’s oppression results from their dual roles as paid and unpaid workers in a capitalist economy is called:
radical feminism
liberal feminism
socialist feminism
multicultural feminism
Answers: c
The belief that women’s oppression results from their dual roles as paid and unpaid workers in a capitalist economy is called socialist feminism.