1. Chapter 12
Gender

2. Chapter Outline Defining Sex and Gender
Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture
The Social Construction of Gender
Gender Stratification
Gender Diversity
Theories of Gender
Gender and Social Change

3. Defining Sex and Gender
Sex refers to biological identity.
Gender refers to learned behaviors associated with each sex.

4. Gender Gap in Attitudes

5. Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture?
The important question is not whether biology or culture is more important in forming men and women, but how biology and culture interact to produce a person’s gender identity.
Biological determinism refers to explanations that attribute complex social phenomena to physical characteristics.

6. Biological Sex Identity
A person’s sex identity is established at the moment of conception when the father’s sperm provides either an X or a Y chromosome to the egg at fertilization.
The mother contributes an X chromosome to the embryo.
Two X chromosomes make a female; an X and a Y, a male.

7. Hermaphroditism
A condition caused by irregularities in the process of chromosome formation or fetal differentiation that produces persons with mixed biological sex characteristics.
In the most common form of hermaphroditism, the child is born with ovaries or testes, but the genitals are ambiguous or mixed.

8. Within and Between Gender Differences

9. Gender Socialization Teaches expectations for each sex and effects:
Self concept
Social and political attitudes
Perceptions about other people
Relationships with others

10. Polling Question
If you were taking a new job and had your choice of a boss, would you prefer to work for a man or a woman?
A.) Man
B.) Woman
C.) No preference

11. Agents of Gender Socialization
Parents
Childhood play and games
Schools
Religion
Media
Popular Culture

12. Women’s Participation in High School Sports

13. Consequences of Gender Expectations
Women are denied access to power, influence, achievement, and independence in the public world.
Men are denied access to nurturing, emotional, and other-oriented worlds that women traditionally inhabit.

14. Gendered Institutions
The total pattern of gender relations including:
Stereotypical expectations
Interpersonal relationships
Different placement of men and women in hierarchies of institutions

15. Characteristic of Societies With Gender Equality
Women’s work is central to the economy.
Women have access to education.
Ideological or religious support for gender inequality is weak.

16. Characteristic of Societies With Gender Equality
Men contribute to housework and childcare.
Work is not highly sex-segregated.
Women have access to power and authority.

17. Median Income by Race and Gender

18. The Wage Gap: International

19. Education, Gender, and Income

20. Women’s Worth: Still Unequal
In the 1960s, women earned 59% of what men earned.
Women today earn 73% of what men earn.
In 2002, income for women working full-time and year round was $30,203, for men, $39,429.

21. Polling Question
How comfortable are you with the gender roles our society defines as appropriate for males and females?
A.) Very comfortable
B.) Somewhat comfortable
C.) Unsure
D.) Somewhat uncomfortable
E.) Very uncomfortable

22. Explaining the Pay Gap Overt discrimination
White men perpetuate their advantage over women and racial minorities, through labor union practices, legislation, harassment, and intimidation.

23. Explaining the Pay Gap Human capital theory
Age, experience, education, marital status and hours worked influence worth in the labor market.

24. Explaining the Pay Gap Dual labor market theory
Women and men earn different amounts because they work in different segments of the market.

25. Explaining the Pay Gap Gender segregation
Men and women work in gender segregated occupations.

26. Earnings: Selected Jobs

27. Explanations Of Gender Segregation
Women and men are socialized differently and choose to go into different fields.
Structural obstacles discourage women from entering male-dominated jobs and from advancing once employed.

28. Theories of Gender Functionalism
Socialization into roles is a major impetus behind inequality
Conflict theorists
Women are disadvantaged by inequalities built into the social structure
Symbolic interaction theory
Gender is produced through interaction and interpretations

29. Feminist Theory: Comparing Perspectives
Gender Identity
Liberal Feminism
Learned through traditional patterns of gender role socialization
Socialist Feminism
Gender division of labor reflects the needs of capitalist workforce

30. Feminist Theory: Comparing Perspectives
Gender Identity
Radical
Feminism
Women’s identification with men gives men power over women
Multiracial
Women and men of color form an oppositional consciousness as a reaction against oppression

31. Feminist Theory: Comparing Perspectives
Gender Identity
Gendered
Institutions
Gender is learned in institutional settings structured along gender lines
“Doing
Gender”
Gender is an accomplished activity created through social interaction

32. Women’s Work Around the World
Paid Work
Unpaid Work
Women
Men
Australia 15 30 35 18
France 26 31 17
Japan 20 39 3
Netherlands 10 25 11

33. Women’s Work Around the World
Paid Work
Unpaid Work
Women
Men
Japan 20 39 26 3
New Zealand 16 29 33 19
Republic of Korea 23 36 17 2

34. Women in Government

35. Contemporary Attitudes About Gender
16% of women and 20% of men disapprove of women working while they have young children
1/2 of all women and men surveyed said the ideal lifestyle was a marriage in which responsibilities were shared.
47% of men believe it is best for men to hold the provider role, compared with 69% in 1970.
87% of women say that making laws to establish equal pay should be a legislative priority.

36. Quick Quiz

37. 1. A person's biological identity of male or females is their:
a. gender identity
b. hermaphroditism
c. sex
d. gender

38. Answer: c
A person's biological identity of male or females is their sex.

39. 2. Condition produced when irregularities in chromosome formation or fetal differentiation produce persons with mixed biological sex characteristics is referred to as:
a. homophroditism
b. bisexual
c. hermaphroditism
d. cross-dressers

40. Answer: c
Condition produced when irregularities in chromosome formation or fetal differentiation produce persons with mixed biological sex characteristics is referred to as hermaphroditism.

41. 3. One's definition of oneself as a woman or man is referred to as:
a. gender apartheid
b. gender socialization
c. gender differentiation
d. gender identity

42. Answer: d
One's definition of oneself as a woman or man is referred to as gender identity.

43. 4. "Women are disadvantaged by power inequities between women and men that are built into the social structure." This statement is most closely related to the:
a. "doing gender" perspective
b. symbolic interactionist perspective
c. functionalist perspective
d. conflict perspective

44. Answer: d
"Women are disadvantaged by power inequities between women and men that are built into the social structure." This statement is most closely related to the conflict perspective.

45. 5. A person's sex identity is established at the moment of conception.
a. True
b. False

46. Answer: true
A person's sex identity is established at the moment of conception.

47. 6. The fear and hatred of homosexuality is referred to as: a
6. The fear and hatred of homosexuality is referred to as: a. machismo b. homophobia c. heterosexism d. heterophobia

48. Answer: b
The fear and hatred of homosexuality is referred to as homophobia.