AP World History Chapter 26 The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands and Qing China

Ottoman Empire

Results of Ottoman Decline Austrian Habsburgs Ottomans driven from Hungary, northern Balkans Russians expand into Caucasus, Crimea Christian Balkans challenge Ottomans Greeks, independent, 1830 Serbia, 1867

Reforms of Ottoman Empire Selim III Reforms anger Janissaries 1807, deposed, assassinated Mahmud II Professional army Replaces Janissaries, 1826 Reforms: “Tanzimat Reforms” Universities built on Western models Railways and industrialization 1876, European-style constitution

Ottoman Repression and Revolts Barriers to Reform Sultanate, ulama, ayan Sultan Abdul Hamid ( ) Turns to despotic absolutism for control He continues work on infrastructure Young Turks Remove Abdul Hamid, continue infrastructure Arabs push for independence

Ottoman Bankruptcy and European Intervention End of Reforms. Ayans make lots of money exploiting the poor. Cotton is the export crop. Suez Canal open in British intervene to stabilize Khedive rulers. Khedive rulers puppets to the British.

Revolts to British Imperialism Mahdi camel riders revolt. British can’t control the nomadic camel riders. Jihad called against British and their puppets. Lord Kitchner sent in and he crushes the uprisings.

Qing Empire (Manchu)

Qing Reforms Rural farm burdens lifted. Infrastructure building maintained. Merchant (compadors) expand along the coast. These merchants tie China to outside world.

Qing Decline Exam system corrupted. Dikes not maintained. Migration and outlaws. Import of Opium from British. Ports forced open. British navel victories over the Chinese. Land reforms crushed by Qing.