2. The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930

4. Period of Growth Succeeded Seljuk Turks as great Muslim power in Middle East. Greatest Emperor was Suleyman (1494-1566). Military conquests—Captured Belgrade in 1521; turned away from Vienna in 1529. Ordered construction of Suleiman Mosque Relied on Janissaries, soldiers who eventually displace Ottoman nobility. Ottoman counterweight—France and Ottomans allied versus Austrian Habsburgs.

5. Suleiman Mosque in Istanbul; built between 1550 and 1567

6. Decline Military Defeat—Lepanto in 1571; Vienna—1683 Russian expansion to Black Sea and Austrian expansion in Balkans Weak Rulers: Selim (1566-1574) “The Glutton”; Ibrahim (1640-1648) drowned 280 concubines in the Bosphorus. Internal disruptions—Janissaries revolt

7. Continued Decline Revolts in the Balkans (Serbia in 1804; Greece in 1821 Failed Reforms—Selim III (1789-1807)— attempts to introduce European style military opposed by clerics and Janissaries. 1850s—Tanzimat reforms of bureaucracy fail due to military losses (Crimea) and continued Balkan revolts.

8. Why the Decline Doctrine of Closed Revelation European incursions (British Land Bridge to India; Russian and Habsburg expansionism; European devotion to Holy Land)

9. Pre-WWI Reform Movements Prime Minister Midhat Pasha and the Constitution of 1876—unitary state, free press, freedom of conscience, equality before the law; and equitable taxation. Sultan fired Midhat in 1877. Russia defeats Ottomans in 1876-1877 war. Young Turks emerge calling for Constitution of 1876. Struggle between Young Turks and Sultan over constitution interrupted by WWI.

10. Midhat Pasha, as PM Sought to make Ottoman State more modern Through the Constitution Of 1876.

11. Ottoman Dismemberment Ottomans support Central Powers in WWI. Treaty of Sevres/Lausanne break up Ottoman Empire. France and Britain get Syria and Palestine; Truncated country of Turkey is created. Turkey under Mustafa Kemal [1881-1938] (Ataturk) becomes secular Muslim State.

13. Ataturk’s Six Arrows Republicanism Populism Secularism Reformism Nationalism Statism

14. WESTERNIZATION OF ISLAM The State, a lay institution, religion a private matter “Disestablishment” of Islam, Islamic piety to take the form of Reform Jewish piety From Arabic to Turkish call to prayer Islam, the test case for the whole traditional heritage Sufism banned, Madrasa college suppressed

15. TURKISH INTERPRETATION OF RELIGION, ISLAM “The Golden Age” of Islam, common among non- Turks, limited to early history, in the remote past Islam proper ended with 1258 CE? For Turks Islamic history both recent and continuing Their reading of history is not fundamentally apologetics. Turks engage in “self-criticism” History un-terminated process with Turks as active participants

16. Ataturk—Father of Modern Turkey