1. Trends in Ottoman decline
1. Sultans
2. Finances - slowing conquests,
competition in trade, high
war expenses
3. Quality of military

2. 1683 Ottomans fail to take Vienna (again)

3. Trends in Ottoman decline
4. Decentralisation
Mehmet Ali (r ) leads
rebellion in Egypt, occupies Syria and
parts of Asia Minor

4. 1768-74 Russians take Crimea. Black Sea soon
follows
French occupy Egypt
1830 Serbia gains independence
1833 Greece gains independence
1839 British occupy Aden in Yemen

5. 1826 Mahmud II (r. 1808-39) destroys
janissaries, suppresses Bektashi Sufis
Ottoman Reforms
1. Replacement of janissaries with new
European-style army
2. Reform of government along European
lines, though parliament really only in
1908
3. Emphasis on equality and justice

6. 1866 Parts of Romania gain independence
1877 Russians attack Ottoman empire. Peace
made, and parts of Bulgaria gain independence
1882 British invade Egypt
1911 Italians occupy part of Libya
Two Balkan wars. Ottoman territory
passes into Greek, Serbian and Bulgarian hands

7. Forms of Political Expression (1)
Ottomanism - loyalty to sultans and homeland,
regardless of ethnicity
Pan-Islamism - unity on basis of shared religion,
view Muslim world’s troubles as due to
corrupt practice of faith
Pan-Turkism - unity of Turkish peoples,
promotion of Turkish culture and origins

8. Forms of Political Expression (2)
Pan-Arabism - advocating religious tolerance,
blaming Muslim world’s troubles on
importation of non-Arab influences
Zionism/Jewish Nationalism - growing in
Palestine, advocating return of Jews to
Promised Land. Opposed by many Jews in
Ottoman state. Viewed by pan-Arab
nationalists and Ottomans as attempt to
secure unilateral Jewish control of Palestine