1. Chap 32 – Crossroads Day 1 Aim: How did increasing European power effect the Ottoman Empire?
Do Now- Pair/Share: 1) Why was the Englishman’s “firman” denied? 2) How would this effect the Empire?
“The Government readily promised the firman (royal decree); and, had no opposition occurred, would have given it. But one of the great pashas was a very extensive owner of mills and bakeries. The mills were all horse-mills then, and he evidently feared that the small steam-mill proposed would grow. He knew what usually comes of giving foreigners an entering wedge. He had the immense guild, also, whose interests were one with his. The promise of the firman was not performed.”

2. The Ottoman Empire in Decline
Ottoman empire peak of expansion in late 17th cen.
Defeated by Austrians, Russians, due to European advances in tech. and strategy
Elite Janissary corps in palace intrigue
Semi-independent warlords use mercenaries, slave armies to support Sultan in return for imperial favor
Massive corruption, misuse of tax revenues

3. Territorial Losses -Russia takes territories in Caucasus, central Asia
-Nationalist uprisings drive Ottomans out of Balkans
-Napoleon’s unsuccessful attack on Egypt spurs revolt against Ottomans under Muhammad Ali (r )
-Nominally subordinate to Sultan, but threatened capture of Istanbul
-British support Ottomans only to avoid possible Russian expansion
Territorial Losses

4. Territorial losses of the Ottoman Empire, 1800 – 1914 How does the map change?

5. Ottoman Economy- How does the budget change?
-Imports of cheap manufac. goods stresses local artisans, urban riots result
-Export-dependent Ottoman economy increasingly relies on foreign loans
-By 1882 Ottomans unable to pay interest on loans, must accept foreign administration of debts
-Capitulations: agreements exempted Europeans from Ottoman law - Extraterritoriality gives tax-free status to foreign banks, businesses

6. Attempts to reform taxation, increase agricultural output, and reduce corruption
Sultan Selim III (r ) remodeled army on European lines
Janissaries revolt, kill new troops, imprison Sultan
Sultan Mahmud II (r ) attempts same, has Janissaries massacred
Also reforms schools, taxation, builds telegraph, postal service
Early Reforms

7. Tanzimat (“Reorganization”) Era, 1839-1876
Pace of reform accelerated
Drafted new law codes
Undermined power of traditional religious elite
Fierce opposition from religious conservatives, bureaucracy
Also opposition from radical Young Ottomans, who wanted constitutional government

8. The Young Turk Era
1876 radical dissident elements stage a coup, install Abdül Hamid II as Sultan (r )
Constitution, representative government adopted, but suspended within the year, Many liberals exiled, executed – WHY?
Principal organization; Ottoman Society for Union and Progress: The Young Turk Party
Founded by Ottomans in exile in Paris
Called for rapid, secular reforms – WHY?
Forced Abdül Hamid II to restore parliament, then dethroned him in favor of Mehmed V Rashid (r )

9. Young Turk Rule
Attempted to establish Turkish hegemony over far-flung empire
Turkish made official language, despite large numbers of Arabic and Slavic language speakers
Yet could not contain forces of decline
Pix: Young Turks flyer with the slogan "Long live the fatherland, long live the nation, long live liberty“ WHY?

10. Assessment
Create a multiple choice question based on previous material.
Exchange question with neighbor.
Share question with whole class.