PSY 22081/27/20161 Theories of Development (Chapter 1) Historical Foundations Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Recent Perspectives Discussion: Your Evaluation of Theories

PSY 22081/27/20162 Periods Are l Prenatal l Infancy and Toddler l Early Childhood l Middle childhood l Adolescence l Emerging Adulthood

PSY 22081/27/20163 Three Domains l Physical l Cognitive (thinking) l Social Emotional

PSY 22081/27/20164 Besides looking at the Domains, DO THINK ABOUT YOU, parenting, and teaching (journal page)

PSY 22081/27/20165 Theories l Continuous or Discontinuous? (Stages) ( pg 8) l Nature or Nurture is ___________ l Cultural role in growth and development.

PSY 22081/27/20166 Theory l Is an ordered set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior. E.g. Erickson, pg 17. Piaget stages od development. Pg 21 l Theories give us a framework or guide to help us understand what we see or observe about children l Theories that are verified by research help us understand development, so we know how to help or what to do to improve the welfare of children within the community.

PSY 22081/27/20167 **Resiliency Is the normal developmental process of adaptation, using the biological and environmental resources available to them. It is a connection between personality, temperament, cognitive, social/emotional, & physical potential and family and community rearing practices.

PSY 22081/27/20168 Group Discussion pg10-- Textbook “Ask Yourself” Questions -- l Each group discuss: l Resilience: the complexities of heredity and environment. Masten believes that resilience is a normal developmental process of adaptation. l Characteristics would be heredity (intelligence and personality and intelligence) and family and/or community rearing practices. l Stressors: poverty, drug abuse, mental illness, multiple moves….others?

PSY 22081/27/20169 Resilient Children l The ability to adapt effectively in the face of trauma, that is threats to development. l (heredity { (innate) vs environment} l Personality and temperament… l A warm, supportive relationship l A relationship with a competent, caring adult, not necessarily a parent l A strong relationship within the community.

PSY 22081/27/ Resiliency Activity l You are part of community foundation that includes parents, teachers, social service personal, business owners. You are seeking funding for interventions designed to promote resilience in children. You believe that some children who exhibit resilience are able to overcome threats to their development. l Choose one or two interventions to promote resilience in children. l Way(s) to build children’s capacity to reduce their exposure to risk. l Ways(s) to affect a positive change in children’s environment. l Be prepared to present your interventions. l Tell which of your interventions DRAWS from heredity or from the environment.

PSY 22081/27/ Bandura: Social Learning Theory l Emphasized modeling l Children learn by observing and imitating l Added cognition (social cognition) to the social theory l That is, how we think about ourselves l As children development they become more selective about their behavior. l They develop self-efficacy…belief about self. l Example: Persistence and teaching l Helpful in treating emotional and behavioral problems. l Too narrow a view of development. Does not include enough explanation of the environmental influence in development. l Does not recognize that contributions that humans make to their own development.

PSY 22081/27/ Behaviorism l Direct observable events. l Influenced by animal studies l Stimulis-response l Skinner l Increase behavior by adding a reinforcer (food, praise). Decrease by punishment (take away a privilege). l Operant conditioning:reinforcement-punishment

PSY 22081/27/ Piaget: Cognitive-Developmental Theory l Stages: sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operational, and formal operations l Infants and children CONSTRUCT knowledge by interacting with the world. l Constructivism l Mind grows and develops and adapts. l Used observation and open ended interviews to investigate children’s thinking. l Discovery learning is important to learning but so is training. l Not enough of cultural or social influence.

PSY 22081/27/ Erikson: Psychosocial Theory Added cultural influences to growth and development l The ego and id acquire skills that make the individual a contributing member of society. l There ae stages of development which describe both normal and abnormal development. The stages need to understood in the context of the culture of the individual. l Example: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust l Birth-1 Warm responsive care vs. neglect.

PSY 22081/27/ Vygotsky’s Social-cultural Theory l Helps us to understand the cultural influences in learning and cognition. l Culture is values, customs, beliefs and skills of a social group. l Children’s learning is influenced by a mentor or other adults and peers in the community. l Learning takes place through dialog…language. l Learning is not in isolation. It need support. l As language increases and becomes more complex, so does learning. l More on social, less on biological.

PSY 22081/27/ Ecological Theory (pg. 27, Fig 1.4) Urie Bronfenbrenner American psychologist l Each child develops within a complex system of relationships in their environment. l (bioecological) This means the child brings their own personality and temperament to the situation/context.

PSY 22081/27/ Ecological System l Microsystem- me and caregivers l Mesosystem-school l Exosystem-workplace, neighbor, extended family l Macrosystem-cultural values, laws, customs of country (and international?) l Chronosystem---dynamic (ever changing) l How we study a cultural? Ethnography- participant observation

PSY 22081/27/ Dynamic Systems Perspective pg 29 l Explain how individuals develop individual and universal traits.

PSY 22081/27/ Your Evaluation of Theories -- Exercise/Discussion -- l Report on the following: »1. What feature in which theory/approach do you find most attractive (and why)? »2. What feature in which theory/approach do you find most unattractive (and why)? »3. One advantage and one disadvantage. l I’ll call on some of you to read your responses.

PSY 22081/27/ Ways to Study Children l Know at least 4 difference ways children can be studied: ethnographic, clinical interview, naturalistic observation— limiti\ations and advantages l Know “Ethics of Research” Pg (confidentiality, informed consent, and processes)

PSY 22081/27/ Exam l Explain Resiliency. l Know major theorists and how they have contributed to the study of development. Be able to compare and contrast theorists. l Name and Explain the domains. l Know ways of studying children…advantages and disadvantages.