18/11/20081 Diabetes mellitus Prepared by Thamer-almangour

18/11/20082 introduction Diabetes mellitus has been increasing worldwide as populations age and the incidence of obesity increases. It is a fairly common disorder. In Asian countries, affecting one in ten to one in fifteen adults. The good news is that with a few lifestyle changes, the risk of diabetes can be greatly reduced.

18/11/20083 What is diabetes? Diabetes is a disorder that affects the body’s ability to use glucose properly. During digestion, carbohydrates (sugars, starches and fibers) in our food are converted to glucose. Glucose is then carried in the blood to our cells, where it is used as energy.

18/11/20084 What is diabetes People with diabetes either produce little or no insulin, or their cells do not respond to the insulin produced (insulin resistance). Unable to enter the cells, large amounts of glucose accumulate in the blood (hyperglycemia), and spill into the urine.

18/11/20085 Types of DM 1- Type1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) happens when the pancreas produces little or no insulin. This type of diabetes accounts for % of all diabetes cases worldwide.

18/11/20086 Types of DM 2- Type2 DM (NIDDM). This type of diabetes usually develops after age 40 and is more common in people who are overweight. In Type2 diabetes, the pancreas produces insulin, but not enough, or the body’s cells are resistant to insulin, making it difficult for glucose to be used for energy.

18/11/20087 Risk factors - Family history of diabetes. -Age over 40. -Overweight. -Previously had gestational diabetes, or delivered a baby weighing over nine pounds (greater than 4 kg). -Being physically inactive.

18/11/20088 How DM treated To treat Type1 diabetes, daily insulin injections must be balanced with meals and daily physical activities. Type2 diabetes is usually controlled by diet, weight management and exercise. If the blood sugar level still remains high, then oral medication or insulin is prescribed.

18/11/20089 Exercise Exercise is very important because physical activity improves the cells’ sensitivity to insulin, which helps transport glucose into cells. As the muscles use glucose for energy, the blood sugar level falls.

18/11/ Regular meals Eating meals on a regular time schedule helps to keep blood sugar at a steady level. Recommended diets for people with diabetes are generally low in fat, especially saturated fat. This is because too much fat provides extra energy (calories) which can contribute to weight gain.

18/11/ medications Insulin is always necessary for people with Type1 diabetes, and type2 treated with oral medication, also type2 can be treated with diet alone. Medications must always be balanced with exercise and meal schedules to work effectively.

18/11/ Staying Healthy with Diabetes -Monitor blood glucose level frequently -Take your medication as directed -Follow a suitable eating and exercise plan to maintain a healthy weight and control blood sugar.

18/11/ Staying Healthy with Diabetes -Get regular check-ups. -Take special care of your feet. -Get regular eye examinations. -Good blood glucose control will minimize complications of diabetes.