Democracy Develops in England

Medieval England 1066 William, Duke of Normandy, invades England, wins battle, claims throne 1066 William, Duke of Normandy, invades England, wins battle, claims throne Begins central gov’t in England Begins central gov’t in England Democracy develops & thrives in England Democracy develops & thrives in England SERFS

Achievements of Henry II ( ) Descendant of William Descendant of William Drama: Marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, sons Richard the Lion Hearted & King John (drama!!!) Drama: Marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, sons Richard the Lion Hearted & King John (drama!!!) Trials Trials Before William, people were tried in courts by Before William, people were tried in courts by feudal lords would have to survive a duel, painful or would have to survive a duel, painful or dangerous test to be set free Juries Juries Royal judge would visit village once a year & Royal judge would visit village once a year & would review crime Judge ask 12 men (known as the jury) about Judge ask 12 men (known as the jury) about facts of case did NOT decide guilt or innocence did NOT decide guilt or innocence People liked jury better than the old way People liked jury better than the old way Common Law Common Law England unified under one legal system England unified under one legal system Common (applies) to everyone Common (applies) to everyone Becomes the basis for many legal systems Becomes the basis for many legal systems worldwide, including U.S.

King John & The Magna Carta Henry II’s son, King John Henry II’s son, King John Fights war with France Fights war with France Loses war & land Loses war & land raises taxes to pay for the war raises taxes to pay for the war Nobles angry & rebel against king Nobles angry & rebel against king Present written document of their demands Present written document of their demands The Magna Carta The Magna Carta Contract b/w king & nobles Contract b/w king & nobles limits power of the king!!!!! limits power of the king!!!!! Monarchs have no right to rule in any way they want Monarchs have no right to rule in any way they want They have to rule according to law They have to rule according to law Focus on individual rights & liberties Focus on individual rights & liberties

Magna Carta 63 clauses 63 clauses 2 basic legal rights of individuals 2 basic legal rights of individuals King has to get consent of people (parliament) to tax King has to get consent of people (parliament) to tax Right to jury trial = due process Right to jury trial = due process The law must work in known, organized ways The law must work in known, organized ways People cannot be punished without following laws People cannot be punished without following laws

Parliament vs. King Parliament (England’s legislature) struggles for centuries to limit power of the king Parliament (England’s legislature) struggles for centuries to limit power of the king Divine Right: kings claimed they had the right to rule with absolute power from God Divine Right: kings claimed they had the right to rule with absolute power from God Responsible only to God Responsible only to God Monarchs begin asserting more power Monarchs begin asserting more power

Henry VIII Best known for 6 wives Best known for 6 wives Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived Brother dies, becomes king Brother dies, becomes king marries Catherine of Aragon, his brother’s widow & aunt of King of Spain marries Catherine of Aragon, his brother’s widow & aunt of King of Spain Keeps strong alliance with Spain Keeps strong alliance with Spain One child, Mary, no son One child, Mary, no son Appointed “Defender of the Faith” by the Pope Appointed “Defender of the Faith” by the Pope

The English Reformation Martin Luther’s ideas spreading throughout Europe Martin Luther’s ideas spreading throughout Europe Henry falls for Anne Boleyn Henry falls for Anne Boleyn Wants annulment from Catherine so he can marry Anne Wants annulment from Catherine so he can marry Anne pope will not grant pope will not grant 3 chancellors: Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell 3 chancellors: Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell Henry declares himself head of Church of EnglandHenry declares himself head of Church of England

The Poor Wives Marries Anne Boleyn Marries Anne Boleyn Mother of Elizabeth I, no male Mother of Elizabeth I, no male heir, has her beheaded 10 days later marries Jane Seymour 10 days later marries Jane Seymour Both daughters declared illegitimate Both daughters declared illegitimate Birth to Edward IV, she dies in childbirth Birth to Edward IV, she dies in childbirth Marries Anne of Cleves Marries Anne of Cleves Not attracted to her, divorces her immediately Not attracted to her, divorces her immediately Marries Katherine Howard Marries Katherine Howard Has her beheaded within 2 years Has her beheaded within 2 years Marries Catherine Parr Marries Catherine Parr Nurses him Nurses him Henry dies 1547 Henry dies 1547 Son Edward VI becomes king Son Edward VI becomes king Dies at 15 Dies at 15 Mary becomes queen of England Mary becomes queen of England Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Katherine HowardCatherine Parr

Queen Elizabeth I Becomes queen at age of 25 after sister (“bloody”) Mary dies Becomes queen at age of 25 after sister (“bloody”) Mary dies Protestant but compromises so Catholics will not be alienated Protestant but compromises so Catholics will not be alienated Never Marries!!! Never Marries!!! Used as leverage for domestic & foreign affairs Used as leverage for domestic & foreign affairs Mary Queen of Scots Mary Queen of Scots Cousin, plotted against her, executed Cousin, plotted against her, executed Spanish Armada Spanish Armada Explorers colonize NAmerica Explorers colonize NAmerica Virginia Virginia Brought stability in an unstable time Brought stability in an unstable time

King James I Scottish King (Stuart) Scottish King (Stuart) Clashes with Parliament Clashes with Parliament Knows little of English laws & tradition Knows little of English laws & tradition 3 main issues of conflict 3 main issues of conflict He ignores common law He ignores common law Accused of tyranny Accused of tyranny $$$ $$$ He was left large debt, wants money for war & fancy court He was left large debt, wants money for war & fancy court Parliament votes no but he ignores them Parliament votes no but he ignores them

King Charles I 1625 becomes king, needs money 1625 becomes king, needs money Parliament presents Petition of Rights Parliament presents Petition of Rights Limit royal power, against absolute monarchy Limit royal power, against absolute monarchy Tries to end: Tries to end: Taxing without Parliament’s consent Taxing without Parliament’s consent Imprison citizens illegally Imprison citizens illegally Housing troops in citizens’ homes Housing troops in citizens’ homes Charles signs it to get the money he wants but does not follow Charles signs it to get the money he wants but does not follow Charles dismisses Parliament! Charles dismisses Parliament! Scotland invades, Charles needs money, calls Scotland invades, Charles needs money, calls Parliament, they refuse Parliament passes laws limiting his power Parliament passes laws limiting his power Civil War erupts Civil War erupts Years of fighting Years of fighting Charles I loses Charles I loses Puritan Oliver Cromwell takes control of govt Puritan Oliver Cromwell takes control of govt Charles is executed!!! Charles is executed!!!

Here Comes Cromwell & The Restoration Cromwell establishes a republic Cromwell establishes a republic Unhappy with Parliament not passing religious & economic reforms Unhappy with Parliament not passing religious & economic reforms Dissolves Parliament Dissolves Parliament Creates govt “The Protectorate” Creates govt “The Protectorate” Names himself “Lord Protector” and becomes a military dictator Names himself “Lord Protector” and becomes a military dictator People unhappy with him until he dies in 1658 People unhappy with him until he dies in 1658 The Restoration: 1660 Parliament invites Charles II to be “restored” to throne The Restoration: 1660 Parliament invites Charles II to be “restored” to throne Parliament maintains powers Parliament maintains powers Habeus Corpus Habeus Corpus Prevents authorities from wrongly detaining a person Prevents authorities from wrongly detaining a person Right to trial, must be informed of charge Right to trial, must be informed of charge

Glorious Revolution Charles II dies, brother James II becomes king Charles II dies, brother James II becomes king Catholic, believes in divine right Catholic, believes in divine right Protestants afraid he will make Catholicism the official religion Protestants afraid he will make Catholicism the official religion daughter Mary is Protestant daughter Mary is Protestant Parliament offers throne to Mary & husband, William of Orange (Netherlands) Parliament offers throne to Mary & husband, William of Orange (Netherlands) William invades England, James flees to France William invades England, James flees to France 1689 William & Mary become joint rulers of England 1689 William & Mary become joint rulers of England Glorious Revolution is a turning point in English Constitutional History Glorious Revolution is a turning point in English Constitutional History Parliament establishes it has the right to limit monarch’s power & control who succeeds to throne Parliament establishes it has the right to limit monarch’s power & control who succeeds to throne

English Bill of Rights England become a constitutional monarchy England become a constitutional monarchy Power of the ruler are restricted by the constitution & laws of the country Power of the ruler are restricted by the constitution & laws of the country 1689: parliament presents Bill of Rights to William & Mary 1689: parliament presents Bill of Rights to William & Mary Protects freedom of speech in Parliament Protects freedom of speech in Parliament Says parliament should meet often Says parliament should meet often Prohibits excessive bail and cruel & unusual punishment (torture) Prohibits excessive bail and cruel & unusual punishment (torture) Limits power of monarchy Limits power of monarchy Monarchy cannot: Monarchy cannot: Cannot suspend laws Cannot suspend laws Tax w/o Parliament’s consent Tax w/o Parliament’s consent Parliament must approve raising an army Parliament must approve raising an army

ENGLAND’S LEGACY Citizens guaranteed rule of law, parliamentary govt, individual liberties Citizens guaranteed rule of law, parliamentary govt, individual liberties Magna Carta & English Bill of Rights Magna Carta & English Bill of Rights CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY These ideas spread to America & are foundation for revolution and building our govt These ideas spread to America & are foundation for revolution and building our govt