1. Democracy Develops in England Prologue Section 3 England begins to develop democratic institutions that limit the power of the monarchy.

2. Reforms in Medieval England Norman Conquest Brings Changes (1066 A. D. Battle of Hastings) William of Normandy conquers England, begins centralizing government -sets off decline of feudalism which gradually led to the end of feudalism in England, development of democracy Juries and Common Law Henry II replaces trial by combat, ordeal with jury trials -royal judge presides, hears 12 men’s testimony about case *Common law reflects customs, principles established over time -became basis legal system of many English speaking countries, including in United States

3. continued Reforms in Medieval England The Magna Carta (1215 A.D.) *Magna Carta— LESSENED THE POWER OF THE KING nobles force King John to guarantee political, legal rights 63 clauses -king must govern according to law, get taxes approved, etc. -*due process of law—right to have law work in known, orderly ways (5 th Amendment) *Parliament, England’s legislature, becomes public voice (Congress)

4. Parliament Grows Stronger Conflict With the Monarch *Over the centuries, Parliament began to see itself as a partner to the monarch Commons gains power; Parliament votes on taxes, laws, advises king Divine right— by the 17 th c. the king claims his power comes from God & is absolute James I (1603) claims divine right, clashes with Parliament (over religion, laws and taxes) 3 Issues cause conflict between James I and Parliament 1)Puritans battle James over Anglican Church doctrines, ceremonies (division of various Christian churches) 2)James uses Star Chamber (Royal Court of Law), ignores parliamentary courts, common law 3)Parliament refuses additional funds for debt, court, war expenses

5. Parliament Grows Stronger Parliament Overthrows the King Parliament gives *Charles I (1625) funds, gets Petition of Right, which ends: 1)taxing without Parliament’s consent 2)imprisoning citizens illegally; housing troops in homes 3)maintaining military government in peacetime Charles signs the Petition of Rights, but later ignores it, causing: 1642 English Civil War breaks out Anti-royalists under Puritan *Oliver Cromwell win; Charles executed (1649)

6. Establishment of Constitutional Monarchy The Restoration Cromwell’s Commonwealth unsuccessful; establishes Protectorate 1660 Parliament restores monarchy, invites Charles II (Charles I’s son) to take throne However, changes took place 1)Parliament retains powers (taxing) 2)Parliament gained expanded rights, such as habeas corpus Glorious Revolution Protestants afraid *James II (Charles II’s younger brother) wants Catholicism as official religion *Glorious Revolution—Parliament offers throne to William, Mary of Orange (Rulers of the Netherlands) -creates * -*constitutional monarchy—king’s powers limited and controlled by laws and a constitutional

7. continued Establishment of Constitutional Monarchy Wm. & Mary accepted an English Bill of Rights (Not to be confused w/ the U.S. Bill of Rights) Bill of Rights is formal summary of people’s rights, liberties 1689, William, Mary accept bill of rights from Parliament -king can’t suspend laws, raise peacetime army without Parliament -people are free from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment -Parliament must be called frequently -Free speech within Parliament England’s Legacy Glorious Revolution, bill of rights set example for American colonies