By: Diego Q., Nico T., Jesus V., and Andy B.

Main ideas  The French and British settlements greatly influenced Canada's political development  Canada's size and climate effected economic growth and population distribution. The French and British had major control over the political government because they were the first two super power governments to officially establish a government and an economy there. They made the first laws that would be passed in Canada. The size of Canada affected the amount of people that were able to live there, expanding their towns from not just thriving on the fish populations, but also on the fur industries that were in abundance there.

Early peoples  Early Asian people crossed the land bridge that connected the artic to America, and the people crossed over to find new land sources, and food sources. The migrants that stayed in the Canadian arctic and Alaska are the ancestors to the Intuits. Once some of the ice had melted, they were able to plant and grow crops. The other people that continued to move south from the land bridge into America became known as Indians (native Americans) and they settled in present-day British Columbia.

Colonization by France and Britain.  In the 16 th and 17 th centuries the French Government had sent explores to Canada to see if it is a land worth settling, they did settle the land and now today most of Canada does, and can relate its heritage to the French people. The settlements that were there came to be known as NEW FRANCE. The important items to the French were located inland and on the coast. At the time the British were colonizing America, to both the fishing industries and fur trades were important, because it brought them revenue. Due to this, both sides challenged each other to their land claims, and the British defeated the French army in the French and Indian war, driving out the French and allowing the British to stay. The French settlers that were already there, were allowed to stay.

Answer’s to the questions for section The lay of the land, the resources that were at hand for the economic development of the nation. 2. The Inuit were the first people to settle in the Canadian Arctic and Alaska. 3. South in present day British Columbia and beyond. When the ice melted, the people were able to settle in Canada and grow crops there. 4. The European explorers began to explore and settle Canada in the 16 th and 17 th centuries.

The Early People  The first migrants of Canada came from Asia to North America during the Ice Age. The Inuit (also known as Eskimos) were ancestors of the early settlers that immigrated to Canada. They came to Canada on a land bridge that stretched from Asia to Canada.

The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry  The two nations, England and France, first colonized Canada and became rivals for control of Canada.

Colonization By France and Britain  During the 16 th and 17 th centuries, French explorers claimed much of Canada and Britain claimed the Atlantic Coast, both of these lands are important for fisheries and fur exports. Soon, both nations were at war for territorial claim and Britain defeated the French in the French and Indian War ( ).

Steps Toward Unity  By the end of the 18 th century, Canada had two distinct cultures-Roman Catholic for French and Protestant for the English. Conflicts began to rise in Canada between the nations which resulted in splitting Canada into two provinces, or political units. The provinces were Upper Canada (Ontario) and Lower Canada (Quebec).

Establishing The Dominion Of Canada  When the major cities, Quebec City, Montreal, and Toronto, were built, railways and canals were also built making large numbers of immigrants came to Canada for the fur trades. The conflicts between the French and English did not end and in 1867, the British government made the Dominion of Canada, making confederation, or political union, loose from Upper and Lower Canada and two British colonies, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. In 1869, Canada's dominion started on Rupert's Land, then in 1871, it stretched to the Pacific ocean with Yukon Territory, Alberta, etc. were included. Newfoundland didn’t join until the mid 20 th century.

Continental Expansion and Development  Since Canada was so large and had enough land to settle in, many pioneers settled in the land. Settlement in the west was successful because of good transportation routes: canals, railroads, and roads.

From The Atlantic To The Pacific  In 1887, Canada finished its first transcontinental railroad from Montreal to Vancouver. A decade later gold was discovered, not long after, people found copper, zinc, and silver, making new buildings and railroads. Canada was beginning to take a new character out of itself.

Urban And Industrial Growth  Some time after settling in Canada, Canadians started to engage in farming, but after finding natural resources, Canada became more urban and industrial. Since service industries were being made, more people were drawn towards them making people immigrate within 100 miles of the border line. Many people stayed near the border line because of warmer climate, more productive land, and the improved availability of transportation between east and west.

Governing Canada  Britain saw Canada as an independent nation in Canada and Great Britain are the same because they both have a parliamentary government, when legislative and executive functions are mixed with a legislature, also known as a parliament. The parliament consists of an appointed Senate that is elected through the House of Commons. The leader of the parliament becomes prime minister, or head of the government. Each of the provinces has its own legislature and prime minister.