1. The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry Early Peoples After Ice Age, migrants cross land bridge -ancestors of Arctic Inuit (Eskimos) Vikings found (Newfoundland) about A.D. 1000; later abandon – Leif Ericson Continued... NEXT Colonization by France and Britain French explorers claim much of Canada in 1500s Coastal fisheries and fur trade important Britain wins French and Indian War; French stay Establishing the Dominion of Canada 1791 Britain creates 2 political units called provinces - Upper Canada (Ontario) English-speaking, Protestant - Lower Canada (Quebec) French-speaking, Roman Catholic

2. Continental Expansion and Development From the Atlantic to the Pacific In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes from Montreal to Vancouver European immigrants arrive and find Yukon gold 1 Urban and Industrial Growth Farming gives way to urban industrialization, manufacturing -within 100 miles of U.S. border due to climate, land, transportation NEXT

3. Governing Canada The Parliamentary System In 1931 Canada becomes independent Parliamentary government: -parliament—legislature combining legislative and executive functions -consists of an appointed Senate, elected House of Commons -prime minister, head of government, is majority party leader All ten provinces have own legislature and premier (prime minister) -federal government administers the territories NEXT

4. An Increasingly Diverse Economy The Early Fur Trade French and English trappers and traders expand westward Continued... NEXT Canada’s Primary Industries Farming, logging, mining, fishing Mining: uranium, zinc, gold, and silver Fishing: domestic consumption is low, so most is exported The Manufacturing Sector 15% of Canadians work in manufacturing Service Industries Drive the Economy Most Canadians work in service industries, which create 60% of GDP

5. A Land of Many Cultures Languages and Religions Bilingual: English is most common, except in French- speaking Quebec English Protestants and French Catholics dominate Continued... NEXT Canada’s Population Environment keeps 80% of people on 10% of land (near U.S. border) - 75% of French live in Quebec - Inuits live in the Arctic or reserves Urbanization: 80% live in cities Heavy trade with U.S. same language, open border (world’s longest) - 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with U.S., Mexico – St. Lawrence Seaway - 85% of Canadian exports go to U.S. - 75% of Canada’s imports come from U.S.

6. Life in Canada Today Employment and Education High standard of living, well-educated population Labor force is 55% men, 45% women -75% in service industries, 15% in manufacturing Today, Canada has a 97% literacy rate Continued... NEXT Sports and Recreation Popular sports: skating, ice hockey, fishing, skiing, golf, hunting - Canada has own football league; other pro teams play in U.S. leagues

7. The Atlantic Provinces Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces: -Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland Only 8% of Canada’s population, due to bad terrain and weather Continued... NEXT Economic Activities largest industry: logging St. Lawrence Seaway – ship route built by US and Canada, which connects Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean. It uses locks to raise and lower water to allow shipping hydro-electric power

8. The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario The Heartland of Canada Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de Champlain built the fort in 1608 60% Canada’s population live in Core Provinces Ontario and Quebec Continued... NEXT Ottawa, Ontario is the national capital The Prairie Providences Canada’s Breadbasket Great Plains Prairie Provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta 50% of Canada’s agricultural production, 60% of mineral output - Alberta has coal, oil deposits; produces 90% of Canada’s natural gas

9. The Pacific Province and the Territories British Columbia British Columbia—westernmost province, mostly in Rocky Mountains -1/2 is forests; 1/3 is frozen tundra, glaciers Most people live in southwest cities - Victoria, Vancouver Economy built on logging, mining, hydroelectric power Continued... NEXT The Territories The three northern territories account for 41% of Canada’s land – Yukon, Nunavut, Northwest Territories Sparsely populated - rugged land and severe climate Economies include mining, fishing, some logging