1. Developing a Vast Wilderness
Human Geography of Canada
Developing a Vast Wilderness
Three major groups in Canada—the native peoples, the French, and the English—have melded into a diverse and economically strong nation.
Canadian fur trapper.
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2. History and Government of Canada
Section 1
History and Government of Canada
7 slides
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3. • After Ice Age, migrants cross Arctic land bridge from Asia
SECTION 1
The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry
Early Peoples
• After Ice Age, migrants cross Arctic land bridge from Asia
- Eskimos & North American Indians
• Vikings found Vinland (Newfoundland) about A.D. 1000;
Continued . . .
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4. • French explorers claim much of Canada in 1500–1600s as “New France”
SECTION 1
continued The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry
Colonization by France and Britain
• French explorers claim much of Canada in 1500–1600s as “New France”
• Coastal fisheries and inland fur trade important to both countries
• Britain wins French and Indian War (1754–1763)
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5. • In 1791 Britain creates two political units called provinces
SECTION
Steps Toward Unity 1
Establishing the Dominion of Canada
• In 1791 Britain creates two political units called provinces
- Upper Canada (later, Ontario): English-speaking, Protestant
- Lower Canada (Quebec) French-speaking, Roman Catholic
• Immigrants arrive, cities develop: Quebec City, Montreal, Toronto
Continued . . .
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6. • Political, ethnic disputes lead to Britain’s 1867 North America Act
SECTION
continued Steps Toward Unity 1
Establishing the Dominion of Canada
• Political, ethnic disputes lead to Britain’s 1867 North America Act
- creates Dominion of Canada as a loose confederation (political union)
- self-governing part of British Empire
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7. • In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes from Montreal to Vancouver
SECTION 1
Continental Expansion and Development
From the Atlantic to the Pacific
• In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes from Montreal to Vancouver
• European immigrants arrive and Yukon gold brings fortune hunters
- copper, zinc, silver also found; grow towns, railroads
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9. • Farming gives way to urban industrialization, manufacturing
Urban and Industrial Growth
• Farming gives way to urban industrialization, manufacturing
- within 100 miles of U.S. border due to climate, land, transportation
• Canada becomes major economic power in 20th century

10. - prime minister, leader of government, is majority party leader
SECTION
Governing Canada 1
The Parliamentary System
• In 1931 Canada becomes independent, British monarch is symbolic leader
• - parliament—legislature combining legislative and executive functions
- prime minister, leader of government, is majority party leader
• All ten provinces have own legislature and premier (prime minister)
- federal government administers the territories
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11. Economy and Culture of Canada
Section 2
Economy and Culture of Canada
8 slides
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12. • Beginning in 1500s Native Americans, now known as the First Nations:
SECTION 2
An Increasingly Diverse Economy
The Early Fur Trade
• Beginning in 1500s Native Americans, now known as the First Nations:
- begin trade with European fishermen along Atlantic coast
• Voyageurs—French-Canadian boatmen transport pelts to trading posts
Continued . . .
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13. • Farming, logging, mining, fishing: 10% of gross domestic product
SECTION 2
continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy
Canada’s Primary Industries
• Farming, logging, mining, fishing: 10% of gross domestic product
- Canada is the world’s leading exporter of forest products
• Mining: uranium, zinc, gold, and silver
• Fishing: domestic consumption is low, so most of catch is exported
Continued . . .
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16. • 15% of Canadians work in manufacturing, create 1/5 of GDP
SECTION 2
continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy
The Manufacturing Sector
• 15% of Canadians work in manufacturing, create 1/5 of GDP
- make cars, steel, appliances, equipment
- centered in heartland, from Quebec City, Quebec, to Windsor, Ontario
Continued . . .
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17. • Most Canadians work in service industries, which create 60% of GDP
SECTION 2
continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy
Service Industries Drive the Economy
• Most Canadians work in service industries, which create 60% of GDP
- finance, utilities, trade, transportation, communication, insurance
- land’s natural beauty makes tourism the fastest growing service
• Heavy trade with U.S.
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18. • Mixing of French and native peoples created métis culture
SECTION 2
A Land of Many Cultures
Languages and Religions
• Mixing of French and native peoples created métis culture
• Bilingual: English is most common, except in French-speaking Quebec
• English Protestants and French Catholics dominate, but often clash
Continued . . .
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19. • Environment keeps 80% of people on 10% of land (near U.S. border)
SECTION 2
continued A Land of Many Cultures
Canada’s Population
• Environment keeps 80% of people on 10% of land (near U.S. border)
• Various ethnic groups cluster in certain areas
- 75% of French Canadians live inQuebec
- many native peoples live on reserves
- most Inuits live in the remote Arctic north
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21. • Relatively high standard of living, well-educated population
SECTION 2
Life in Canada Today
Employment and Education
• Relatively high standard of living, well-educated population
• Labor force is 55% men, 45% women
• Oldest university, Laval, established in Quebec by French
• Today, Canada has a 97% literacy rate
Continued . . .
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22. • Popular sports: skating, ice hockey, fishing, skiing, golf, hunting
SECTION 2
continued Life in Canada Today
Sports and Recreation
• Popular sports: skating, ice hockey, fishing, skiing, golf, hunting
- Canada has own football league; other pro teams play in U.S. leagues
• Annual festivals include Quebec Winter Carnival, Calgary Stampede
Continued . . .
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24. Section 3
Subregions of Canada
7 slides
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25. • Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces:
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Subregions of Canada 3
The Atlantic Provinces
Harsh Lands and Small Populations
• Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces:
- Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland
• Only 8% of Canada’s population lives there
• Most people live in coastal cities
• Newfoundland has severe storms
Continued . . .
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26. • New Brunswick’s largest industry: logging
SECTION 3
continued The Atlantic Provinces
Economic Activities
• New Brunswick’s largest industry: logging
• Gulf of St. Lawrence, coastal waters supply seafood
• Newfoundland: fishing, mining, logging, hydro-electric power
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28. • Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de Champlain built fort in 1608
SECTION 3
The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario
The Heartland of Canada
• Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de Champlain built fort in 1608
• 60% Canada’s population live in Core Provinces Ontario and Quebec
- Ontario has largest population; Quebec has largest land area
Continued . . .
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29. • Quebec has great political importance in French-Canadian life
SECTION 3
continued The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario
Canada’s Political and Economic Center
• Quebec has great political importance in French-Canadian life
• Core: 35% of Canada’s crops, 45% of minerals, 70% of manufacturing
• Toronto the largest city, Montreal second largest
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30. • Great Plains Prairie Provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
SECTION 3
The Prairie Provinces
Canada’s Breadbasket
• Great Plains Prairie Provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
• 50% of Canada’s agricultural production, 60% of mineral output
Continued . . .
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31. • British Columbia—westernmost province, mostly in Rocky Mountains
SECTION 3
The Pacific Province and the Territories
British Columbia
• British Columbia—westernmost province, mostly in Rocky Mountains
- 1/2 is forests; 1/3 is frozen tundra,
• Most people live in southwest; major cities are Victoria, Vancouver
• Economy built on logging, mining, hydroelectric power
Continued . . .
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32. • Sparsely populated due to rugged land and severe climate
SECTION 3
continued The Pacific Province and the Territories
The Territories
• Sparsely populated due to rugged land and severe climate
- Yukon mostly wilderness
- Northwest Territories extends into Arctic
- Nunavut was created from Northwest Territories in 1999 as a home to the Inuit
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