1. Human Geography of Canada Developing a Vast Wilderness Three major groups in Canada—the native peoples, the French, and the English—have melded into a diverse and economically strong nation. Canadian fur trapper. NEXT

2. SECTION 1 History and Government of Canada SECTION 2 Economy and Culture of Canada Human Geography of Canada Developing a Vast Wilderness SECTION 3 Subregions of Canada NEXT Unit Atlas: Political Unit Atlas: Physical

3. Section 1 History and Government of Canada French and British settlement greatly influenced Canada’s political development. Canada’s size and climate affected economic growth and population distribution. NEXT

4. SECTION 1 continued The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry Colonization by France and Britain French explorers claim much of Canada in 1500– 1600s as “New France” British settlers colonize the Atlantic Coast Coastal fisheries and inland fur trade important to both countries Britain wins French and Indian War (1754–1763); French settlers stay NEXT

5. Steps Toward Unity Establishing the Dominion of Canada In 1791 Britain creates two political units called provinces -Upper Canada (later, Ontario): English-speaking, Protestant -Lower Canada (Quebec): French-speaking, Roman Catholic Rupert’s Land a northern area owned by fur-trading company Immigrants arrive, cities develop: Quebec City, Montreal, Toronto -railways, canals are built as explorers seek better fur-trading areas SECTION 1 Continued... NEXT

6. SECTION 1 Establishing the Dominion of Canada Political, ethnic disputes lead to Britain’s 1867 North America Act -creates Dominion of Canada as a loose confederation (political union) -Upper Canada (Ontario), Lower Canada (Quebec), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick -self-governed part of British Empire Expansion includes: -Rupert’s Land, Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island -later: Yukon Territory, Alberta, Saskatchewan -Newfoundland in 1949 continued Steps Toward Unity Map NEXT

7. Continental Expansion and Development From the Atlantic to the Pacific In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes from Montreal to Vancouver European immigrants arrive and Yukon gold brings fortune hunters -copper, zinc, silver also found; grow towns, railroads SECTION 1 Urban and Industrial Growth Farming gives way to urban industrialization, manufacturing -within 100 miles of U.S. border due to milder climate, fertile soil, and availability of the railway system Image NEXT

8. Governing Canada The Parliamentary System In 1931 Canada becomes independent, British monarch is symbolic head Parliamentary government: -parliament —legislature combining legislative and executive functions -prime minister, seen as the head of government, is the majority party leader -consists of an appointed Senate, elected House of Commons All ten provinces have own legislature and premier (prime minister) -federal government administers the territories SECTION 1 NEXT

9. Section 2 Economy and Culture of Canada Canada is highly industrialized and urbanized, with one of the world’s most developed economies. Canadians are a diverse people. NEXT

10. SECTION 2 Service Industries Drive the Economy Most Canadians work in service industries, which create 60% of GDP. Manufacturing accounts for 15% -Agriculture is a very small percentage of the GDP as a result of only 5% of the land being arable (suitable for farming) Heavy trade with U.S.: same language, open border (world’s longest) -1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with U.S., Mexico -85% of Canadian exports go to U.S. -75% of Canada’s imports come from U.S. continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy Image NEXT

11. A Land of Many Cultures Languages and Religions Original settlers are known as the Inuit and the First Nations Mixing of French and native peoples created métis culture Bilingual: English is most common, except in French-speaking Quebec English Protestants and French Catholics dominate, but often clash -increasing numbers of Muslims, Jews, other groups SECTION 2 Continued... NEXT

12. SECTION 2 Canada’s Population Densest in port cities (Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver) and farmlands Environment keeps 80% of people on 10% of land (near U.S. border) Urbanization: in 1900 33% of people lived in cities, today it’s 80% Various ethnic groups cluster in certain areas -75% of French Canadians live in Quebec -many native peoples live on reserves—public land set aside for them -most Inuits live in the remote Arctic north -many Canadians of Asian ancestry live on West Coast continued A Land of Many Cultures Image NEXT

13. Section 3 Subregions of Canada Canada is divided into four subregions: the Atlantic, Core, and Prairie Provinces, and the Pacific Province and the Territories. Each subregion possesses unique natural resources, landforms, economic activities, and cultural life. NEXT

14. The Atlantic Provinces Harsh Lands and Small Populations Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces: -Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland Only 8% of Canada’s population, due to rugged terrain, harsh weather Most people live off of the fishing and logging in the region SECTION 3 Subregions of Canada Continued... NEXT

15. SECTION 3 Economic Activities New Brunswick’s largest industry: logging (lumber, wood pulp, paper) Gulf of St. Lawrence, coastal waters supply seafood for export Nova Scotia: logging, fishing, shipbuilding, trade through Halifax Newfoundland: fishing, mining, logging, hydro- electric power -supplies power to Quebec, parts of northeastern U.S. continued The Atlantic Provinces Image NEXT

16. The Core Provinces— Quebec and Ontario The Heartland of Canada Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de Champlain built fort in 1608 60% Canada’s population live in Core Provinces Ontario and Quebec -Ontario has largest population; Quebec has largest land area SECTION 3 Continued... NEXT

17. The Prairie Provinces Canada’s Breadbasket Great Plains Prairie Provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta Known as Canada’s breadbasket because 50% of Canada’s agricultural production - 60% of mineral output -Alberta has coal, oil deposits; produces 90% of Canada’s natural gas SECTION 3 Continued... NEXT

18. SECTION 3 continued The Prairie Provinces A Cultural Mix Manitoba: Scots-Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, Ukrainians, Poles Saskatchewan’s population includes Asian immigrants, métis Alberta’s diversity includes Indian, Japanese, Lebanese, Vietnamese NEXT

19. The Pacific Province and the Territories British Columbia British Columbia —westernmost province, mostly in Rocky Mountains -1/2 is forests; 1/3 is frozen tundra, snowfields, glaciers Most people live in southwest; major cities are Victoria, Vancouver Economy built on logging, mining, hydroelectric power -Vancouver is Canada’s largest port, has prosperous shipping trade SECTION 3 Continued... NEXT

20. SECTION 3 continued The Pacific Province and the Territories The Territories The three northern territories account for 41% of Canada’s land Sparsely populated due to rugged land and severe climate -Yukon has population of 30,000; mostly wilderness -Northwest Territories has population of 41,000; extends into Arctic -Nunavut was created from Northwest Territories in 1999; home to Inuit Territories’ economies include mining, fishing, some logging NEXT