Persuasive Strategies Chapter 22

Identify whether you need a proposition of fact, value, or of policy (more shortly) Use stock issues to help you analyze your topic ** Use a specific, planned organizational pattern ** SpragueChapter 222 Analyze your Persuasive Goals

Favorable audience Neutral audience Unfavorable audience SpragueChapter 223 Adjust Your Content Based on Your Audience Attitudes

Use emotional appeals to intensify your listeners’ support Seek a public commitment from listeners SpragueChapter 224 Favorable Audience

Tell your audience exactly what actions they can take Give your listeners ammunition to answer opposing points SpragueChapter 225 Favorable Audience

Create an environment by letting your listeners “fill in the blanks” in your argument –Enthymeme -- an informally stated syllogism (a three-part deductive argument) with an unstated assumption that must be true... SpragueChapter 226 Favorable Audience

Use plenty of attention factors Make sure your point is clear and understandable SpragueChapter 227 Neutral Audience

Present the most recent evidence and examples you can find Send your message in multiple ways to engage the senses Blend logic and emotional appeals SpragueChapter 228 Neutral Audience

Be realistic about what change you ask listeners to make Emphasize common ground Be very thorough in your reasoning Build your credibility by being fair and open minded SpragueChapter 229 Unfavorable Audience

Use Monroe’s Motivated Sequence to engage your audience SpragueChapter 2210 Organize Your Points for Optimal Persuasive Impact 1.Attention step 2.Need step 3.Satisfaction step 4.Visualization step 5.Action step

SpragueChapter 2211 Organize Your Points for Optimal Persuasive Impact Compare the advantages of two proposals as a way of organizing your speech Place Your Strongest Points First or Last Consider Dealing with Opposing Arguments

What kind of proposition? Proposition of fact –Draw inferences from available date –Is / is not Proposition of value –Good or bad, right or wrong Proposition of policy –Most common, most complex –Advocates specific course of action –Should / should not

Types of claims (propositions) When addressing whether something is true or not, or something will or won’t happen-- make a claim of fact When addressing an issue that relies on individual judgment of right or wrong for its resolution, make a claim of value. When proposing a specific outcome or solution to an issue, make a claim of policy. Write your specific purpose to include one

Organizing Persuasive Messages Problem-solution (p. 148) Comparative Advantages (p. 324) Refutation Pattern (p. 325) Motivated Sequence 1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action You must use one of these -- list at top of outline

Example: Problem-Solution I. The Nature of the Problem II. Reasons for the Problem III. Unsatisfactory Solutions IV. Proposed Solution

The Bottom Line Read and peruse lots of sources Use the best 10 or so sources -- Retrievable reminder Make it clear to the audience where your information comes from Define terms, identify people Know the topic well and speak with conviction

What type evidence? Examples, stories, testimony, facts, statistics… Distortion -- what is truth? Historical vs. contemporary views Sources of your evidence Sources of visual aids APA style -- accurate does matter

Ethics and appeals Teleological vs. deontological Emotional vs. rational appeals Audience sensitivity Life Cycle analysis Demographics differences Culture and subcultures

Persuasive Speech final topics......questions

Modes of Delivery Chapter 23

Begin with a fully developed outline Convert the full-sentence outline into a key word or key phrase outline Word the speech Convert your keyword outline to speaker’s notes SpragueChapter 2321 Use of Four Steps to Prepare an Extemporaneous Speech

Keep your composure Select a theme Select organizational framework Whenever possible, plan your first and last sentence SpragueChapter 2322 Remember Four Steps When Speaking Impromptu

When the time allotted is specific and inflexible / duplicate deliveries required The wording is extremely critical The style is extremely important SpragueChapter 2323 Speaking from a Manuscript

Don’t write it out by hand Use capital and lowercase letters in a standard sentence format Print on heavy paper Make sure letters are dark and legible SpragueChapter 2324 Prepare an Easily Readable Manuscript

Memorize the structure first Read the speech aloud several times, then paragraph by paragraph SpragueChapter 2325 Memorize Certain Manuscript Speeches

As you practice, visualize giving the speech Do not go into a trance when delivering the speech If you go blank, recall the structure of the speech SpragueChapter 2326 Memorize Certain Manuscript Speeches

Practice Sessions Chapter 24

Form a feedback support group Get guidelines for feedback Get Effective Feedback Sprague28Chapter 24

Use early sessions to flesh out your outline Use middle sessions to get feedback Allow Time for Three Stages of Practice Sprague29Chapter 24

Practice in front of others and ask for their feedback Record your practice session and analyze your performance Allow Time for Three Stages of Practice Sprague30Chapter 24

Use final sessions for refinements Make it as realistic as possible Allow Time for Three Stages of Practice Sprague31Chapter 24

Include key words, phrases and material that is to be cited directly Prepare speech notes in a format that aids delivery Preparing speech notes on note cards Prepare Speech or Speaker’s Notes Sprague32Chapter 24

If your speech is too long –Consider cutting out an entire point –Eliminate redundant evidence –Reduce narratives Fit Your Speech into the Time Limit Sprague33Chapter 24

If your speech is too long –Eliminate long stories –Use visuals or handouts –Speak simply –Is this too complex a topic? Fit Your Speech into the Time Limit Sprague34Chapter 24

If your speech is too short –Make sure all of your points are well developed –Use repetition –Is this a good enough topic? Fit Your Speech into the Time Limit Sprague35Chapter 24

If your speech is too short –Make sure you have proved all of your points –Do some more research –Change organizational pattern? Fit Your Speech into the Time Limit Sprague36Chapter 24

Doing mental rather than oral / physical practices Avoid too many critics Avoid Common Practice Pitfalls Sprague37Chapter 24

Avoid over preparation Avoid self-consciousness rather than audience consciousness Avoid Common Practice Pitfalls Sprague38Chapter 24

Adapting to the Speech Situation Chapter 28

If your audience seems bored or restless If you are not getting the agreement from the audience you expected Prepare & Adapt to Audience Reactions Sprague40Chapter 28

If your audience is less informed that you expected If your audience is more informed than you expected Prepare & Adapt to Audience Reactions Sprague41Chapter 28

If you audience is more heterogeneous than you expected Prepare & Adapt to Audience Reactions Sprague42Chapter 28

Check for possible sources of distractions Ignore low level distractions in your speech Incorporate distractions into your speech Take Steps to Prevent Distractions Sprague43Chapter 28

Make necessary interruptions as short as possible and draw your listeners back into the speech Take Steps to Prevent Distractions Sprague44Chapter 28

The verbal heckler –First-level tactics –Second-level tactics The nonverbal heckler Responding to Hecklers Sprague45Chapter 28

Answering Questions Chapter 29

Come prepared Invite & answer audience questions straightforwardly Answering Questions Sprague47Chapter 29

The person who wants to give a speech The person who wants to have an extended dialogue The person who wants to pick a fight Manage Self- Indulgent Questioners Sprague48Chapter 29