The Enlightenment

Enlightenment A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. Standard Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America.

Hobbes versus Locke (Most people think Locke wins)

Two Views on Government Thomas Hobbes Leviathan (1651) People act out of self- interest, so the ruler needs total power to keep citizens under control Absolute Monarchy

John Locke Two Treatises on Government (1689)

Natural Rights Where do they come from? Life - defend yourself against citizens and the government Liberty - free speech, assembly, religion, press Property - own property and protect it. Government should never violate a person’s natural rights

Social Contract People created the govt. to protect their individual rights. The government’s authority comes from the consent of the people.The government’s authority comes from the consent of the people. There is a contract between citizens and their government. What are each of their responsibilities?

The most important question! What if the government deprives people of their rights? The people have a right to …..?????

Legacy of Locke Locke’s ideas regarding the source of authority and the right to rebel influenced men such as Thomas Jefferson and Simon Bolivar Lock’s ideas are also present in the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights

Review # 1 1.Where does a person get their natural rights from? What are the 3 natural rights? 2.What is the best form of government according to Hobbes? Why? 3.What is meant by the term social contract? 4.Where does the government get its’ authority or sovereignty? 5.Do you think Locke would agree with the Glorious Revolution? Why or why not?

Enlightenment Part II The Philosophes

Five Beliefs Reason- truth discovered by logic Nature- what is natural is good Happiness- secularism Progress- society can improve Liberty- we already went over this one!

Voltaire “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” Freedom of religion and speech Humanity’s worst enemies; intolerance, prejudice, superstition

Montesquieu The Spirit of Laws (1748) “Power should be a check to power”

Montesquieu Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers England (constitutional monarchy) vs. France (absolute monarchy) 3 Branches (avoid Tyranny!) Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances - each branch has specific powers. Each branch checks the power of the other two. Thus, a balance of power exists between the 3 branches.

Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances

Read Analyzing Primary Sources p.197, answer #1,2 in notes

Jean Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract (1762) “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”

Rousseau continued Civilization corrupts people’s natural goodness Direct democracy - “Will of the people” The social contract is an agreement among free individuals to create a society and a government All people are equal and titles of nobility should be abolished

Review #2 1.Define Enlightenment. 2.Who are the philosophes? 3.What are their 5 beliefs? 4.Which freedom, as seen in the U.S. Bill of Rights, did Voltaire promote? 5.How did Montesquieu’s ideas influence American government? 6.Why did Rousseau feel that a direct democracy was the best form of government? 7.How did Rousseau differ from other Enlightenment philosophers?

Cesare Beccaria Criminal Justice Right to a speedy trial No torture The punishment should fit the crime No capital punishment Many of Beccaria’s ideas are in the U.S. Bill of Rights

Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) Education is the key to women’s rights “strength of body and mind are sacrificed to notions of beauty, the only way a women can rise in the world is by marriage”

Legacy of the Enlightenment Belief in Progress More Secular Outlook Importance of the Individual Inspired revolutions in America, Europe, and Latin America

Review # 3 1.According to Beccaria, what rights does a person accused of a crime entitled to? 2.What did Wollstonecraft believe was the key to women’s rights? 3.What are the legacies of the Enlightenment? Which is the most important? Explain why. 4.Which philosopher did you find the most interesting? Explain why. 5.Which philosopher had the largest impact on American government? Explain why.

Ch. 6 Sec. 3 Enlightenment Spreads Read p. 202 Answer # 6, 8 on p. 205 in notes

Ch. 6 sec. 2 The Enlightenment in Europe 1.Define Enlightenment 2.Why did Thomas Hobbes believe that the ruler needed total control? 3.Define social contract 4.What was the best type of government according to Hobbes? 5.According to John Locke, all people are born with which 3 natural rights. 6.What is the purpose of government? 7.Where does the government’s power come from? 8.What happens if the government does not protect the rights of the people? 9.Who were the philosophes? 10.What were the five beliefs of the philosophes? 11.What freedoms did Voltaire fight for? 12.What were humanity’s worst enemies? 13.Why did Montesquieu believe that Britain was the best governed nation? 14.Which ideas did Montesquieu contribute to the United States Constitution? 15.What was the best form of government according to Rousseau? Explain why. 16.What did Beccaria believe was wrong with the justice system? 17.What rights should a person accused of a crime have? 18.Mary Astell used Enlightenment arguments to criticize the unequal relationship between whom? 19.What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe would lead women to lead virtuous and useful lives? 20.What were the 3 legacies of the Enlightenment? Copy questions, answer in complete Sentences, use pen

Ch. 6 sec.2 Enlightenment QuotePhilosopherMeaning “nasty, brutish, and short’ “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it” “Power should be a check to power” “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains” “If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves” Copy and fill in chart on your own paper.

Ch. 6 Section 2 1.New intellectual movement that stressed reason 2.Leviathan 3.Two Treatises on Government 4.On the Spirit of Laws 5.The Social Contract 6.A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 7.People are born free and equal with 3 natural rights 8.French philosophers during the Enlightenment 9.Separation of powers, checks and balances 10.Direct democracy is the best form of government 11.Absolute monarchy is the best form of government 12.Freedom of speech 13.The right to a fair and speedy trial 14.People have the right to rebel against a government which does not protect their natural rights 15.A government’s power comes from the consent of the people 16.Agreement between the people and the government

Directions: Write the letter of the answer in capital printed letters. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A.Locke B.Hobbes C.Montesquieu D.Rousseau E.Wollstonecraft F.Galileo G.Enlightenment H.Social contract I.Voltaire J.Philosophes K.Beccaria L.Plato M.None of the above